Leptospira spp. in Domestic Cats from Different Environments: Prevalence of Antibodies and Risk Factors Associated with the Seropositivity
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Experimental Section
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Study Design and Population Surveyed
2.3. Field and Laboratory Procedures
2.4. Ethical Considerations
Species | Serogroups | Serovar | Reference strain |
---|---|---|---|
Panel 1 *: | |||
L. interrogans | Sejroe | Hardjo | Hardjo pratijno |
Pomona | Pomona | Pomona | |
Canicola | Canicola | Hond Utrech IV | |
Icterohaemorragiae | Icterohaemorragiae | Verdun | |
Autumnalis | Autumnalis | Akiyami A | |
L. borgpetersenii | Ballum | Ballum | S102 |
Panel 2 **: | |||
L. interrogans | Pyrogenes | Pyrogenes | Salinem |
Sejroe | Wolfii | 3705 | |
Batavie | Bataviae | Swart | |
Australis | Australis | Ballico | |
Hebdomadis | Hebdomadis | Hebdomadis | |
L. borgpetersenii | Tarassovi | Tarassovi | Perepelitsin |
Javanica | Javanica | Veldrat Batavia 46 | |
Sejroe | Sejroe | M 84 | |
L. kirschneri | Grippotyphosa | Grippotyphosa | Moskva V |
Cynopteri | Cynopteri | 3522 C | |
L. noguchii | Panama | Panama | CZ 214K |
L. biflexa | Semaranga | Patoc | Patoc 1 |
2.5. Data Analysis
2.6. Prevalence of Anti-Leptospira Antibodies, Taking into Account the Diagnostic Error
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Prevalence of Anti-Leptospira Antibodies in Different Cat Populations
Cat No. | Breed * | Gender ** | Age (Years) | Clinical signs | Origin | Antibody Titre | Serovar |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | DSH | M | 1 | No | Urban | 1:100 | Canicola |
2 | DSH | F | 4 | No | Urban | 1:100 | Autumnalis |
3 | DSH | M | 4 | No | Urban | 1:200 | Coagglutination 1 *** |
4 | DSH | F | 1 | No | Rural | 1:100 | Canicola |
5 | DSH | F | 6 | No | Rural | 1:100 | Autumnalis |
6 | DSH | F | 3 | No | Rural | 1:100 | Autumnalis |
7 | DSH | F | 5 | No | Rural | 1:100 | Grippotyphosa |
8 | DSH | F | 0.5 | No | Rural | 1:200 | Bataviae |
9 | DLH | M | 3 | No | Rural | 1:400 | Bataviae |
10 | DSH | F | 2 | No | Rural | 1:100 | Coagglutination 2 *** |
TP (%) | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 |
---|---|---|---|
Overall | 5.2 (0.6; 12.4) | 2.2 (0.1; 9.0) | 4.0 (0.2; 16.8) |
Urban | 1.8 (0.1; 7.2) | 1.3 (0.05; 6.2) | 2.4 (0.1; 11.6) |
Rural | 25.2 (9.3; 46.6) | 8.5 (0.3; 33.1) | 26.3 (1.5; 82.0) |
3.2. Serovars, Antibody Titres and Prevalences According to Different Characteristics of the Cats
Characteristics | Categories | All | Urban | Rural |
---|---|---|---|---|
(%) | (%) | (%) | ||
Breed | DSH | 9.3 (9/97) | 4.1 (3/73) | 25.0 (6/24) |
DLH | 4.3 (1/23) | 0.0 (0/20) | 33.3 (1/3) | |
Other breeds | 0.0 (0/4) | 0.0 (0/3) | 0.0 (0/1) | |
Gender | Male | 5.5 (3/55) | 4.7 (2/43) | 8.3 (1/12) |
Females | 10.1 (7/69) | 1.9 (1/53) | 37.5 (6/16) | |
Age | <1 year | 5.0 (2/40) | 0.0 (0/31) | 22.2 (2/9) |
1 to 3 years | 9.8 (5/51) | 2.9 (1/35) | 25.0 (4/16) | |
3 to 6 years | 12.5 (3/24) | 9.5 (2/21) | 33.3 (1/3) | |
6 to 9 years | 0.0 (0/7) | 0.0 (0/7) | 0.0 (0/0) | |
>10 years | 0.0 (0/2) | 0.0 (0/2) | 0.0 (0/0) | |
Purpose of kept cats | Companion | 4.3 (3/70) | 4.4 (3/68) | 0.0 (0/2) |
Rodents hunting | 6.3 (1/16) | 0.0 (0/8) | 12.5 (1/8) | |
Companion/hunting | 16.7 (6/36) | 0.0 (0/18) | 33.3 (6/18) | |
Veterinary control | Yes | 3.4 (2/59) | 0.0 (0/50) | 22.2 (2/9) |
No | 12.3 (8/65) | 6.5 (3/46) | 26.3 (5/19) | |
Habitat at home | Indoor/outdoor | 4.9 (4/81) | 4.1 (3/74) | 14.3 (1/7) |
Indoor | 0.0 (0/9) | 0.0 (0/9) | 0.0 (0/0) | |
Outdoor | 17.6 (6/34) | 0.0 (0/13) | 28.6 (6/21) | |
Rodent-hunting habits | Yes | 12.1 (7/58) | 0.0 (0/33) | 28.0 (7/25) |
No | 3.2 (2/63) | 3.3 (2/60) | 0.0 (0/3) | |
Contact with other cats | Yes | 5.3 (5/95) | 1.3 (1/77) | 22.2 (4/18) |
No | 13.0 (3/23) | 7.1 (1/14) | 22.2 (2/9) | |
Contact with livestock (cattle, sheep and/or goats) | Yes | 28.6 (6/21) | 0.0 (0/1) | 30.0 (6/20) |
No | 3.1 (3/98) | 2.2 (2/90) | 12.5 (1/8) | |
Presence of dogs at home | Yes | 7.3 (7/96) | 1.3 (1/75) | 25.0 (7/28) |
No | 7.7 (1/13) | 7.1 (1/13) | 0.0 (0/0) | |
Rodents roaming near houses | Yes | 9.6 (5/52) | 2.6 (1/39) | 30.8 (4/13) |
No | 7.4 (5/68) | 3.8 (2/53) | 20.0 (3/15) | |
Excreta disposal site of the owners | Sewers | 6.1 (7/114) | 3.2 (3/93) | 19.0 (4/21) |
Outhouses | 30.0 (3/10) | 0.0 (0/3) | 42.9 (3/7) | |
Activities with water that flows in streams or backwater | Yes | 33.3 (2/6) | 0.0 (0/0) | 33.3 (2/6) |
No | 6.8 (8/118) | 3.1 (3/96) | 22.7 (5/22) | |
Habitat close to flooded areas | Yes | 40.0 (2/5) | 0.0 (0/0) | 40.0 (2/5) |
No | 7.1 (8/113) | 3.3 (3/90) | 21.7 (5/23) |
3.3. Risk Factors Associated with the Seropositivity in MAT
Variables Included in the Models | Categories | OR | 95% CI |
---|---|---|---|
Model 1: all cats *** | |||
Contact with cattle, sheep and/or goats: | Yes | 1.9 | 0.1–139.8 |
No | Ref * | ||
Contact with other cats: | Yes | 0.1 | 0.1–1.7 |
No | Ref * | ||
Excreta disposal site of the owners: | Outhouse | 5.5 | 0.2–166.6 |
Sewers | Ref * | ||
Activities with water that flows in streams or backwater: | Yes | 38.0 | 1.9–763.9 ** |
No | Ref * | ||
Habitat near flooded areas: | Yes | 44.5 | 1.4–1450.5 ** |
No | Ref* | ||
Veterinary control: | Yes | 0.1 | 0.1–2.4 |
No | Ref * | ||
Rural origin: | Yes | 1.4 | 0.1–241.9 |
No | Ref * | ||
Model 2: urban cats *** | |||
Contact with other cats: | Yes | 0.12 | 0.1–2.2 |
No | Ref * | ||
Model 3: rural cats *** | |||
Gender: | Male | 0.1 | 0.1–1.3 |
Female | Ref * | ||
Habitat indoor and outdoor: | Yes | 0.1 | 0.0–1.9 |
No | Ref * |
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Azócar-Aedo, L.; Monti, G.; Jara, R. Leptospira spp. in Domestic Cats from Different Environments: Prevalence of Antibodies and Risk Factors Associated with the Seropositivity. Animals 2014, 4, 612-626. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani4040612
Azócar-Aedo L, Monti G, Jara R. Leptospira spp. in Domestic Cats from Different Environments: Prevalence of Antibodies and Risk Factors Associated with the Seropositivity. Animals. 2014; 4(4):612-626. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani4040612
Chicago/Turabian StyleAzócar-Aedo, Lucía, Gustavo Monti, and Ronald Jara. 2014. "Leptospira spp. in Domestic Cats from Different Environments: Prevalence of Antibodies and Risk Factors Associated with the Seropositivity" Animals 4, no. 4: 612-626. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani4040612