Genetic Analysis of H5N1 High-Pathogenicity Avian Influenza Virus following a Mass Mortality Event in Wild Geese on the Solway Firth
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Virological Investigation
2.2. Whole-Genome Sequencing and Phylogenetic Analysis
2.3. Serological Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Town | Country | Date Collected | Species | Sample ID | GISAID Ref | Age |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Carlisle | England | 8 November 2021 | Barnacle Goose | A/barnacle_goose/England/292151/2021 | EPI_ISL_13369744 | Immature |
Caerlaverock | Scotland | 9 November 2021 | Whooper Swan | A/Whooper_swan/Scotland/056219/2021 | EPI_ISL_9029962 | Unknown |
Caerlaverock | Scotland | 12 November 2021 | Barnacle Goose | A/barnacle_goose/Scotland/292583/2021 | EPI_ISL_13369753 | Adult |
Annan | Scotland | 16 November 2021 | Barnacle Goose | A/Barnacle_goose/Scotland/058494/2021 | EPI_ISL_13453561 | Adult |
Caerlaverock | Scotland | 16 November 2021 | Common Kestrel | A/Kestrel/Scotland/058512/2021 | EPI_ISL_13369761 | Immature |
Castle Douglas | Scotland | 16 November 2021 | Pink-footed goose | A/pink-footed_goose/Scotland/058488/2021 | EPI_ISL_13369760 | Adult |
Caerlaverock | Scotland | 17 November 2021 | Barnacle Goose | A/barnacle_goose/England/061307/2021 | EPI_ISL_13369762 | Adult |
Ruthwell | Scotland | 19 November 2021 | Barnacle Goose | A/barnacle_goose/Scotland/062003/2021 | EPI_ISL_13369765 | Adult |
Annan | Scotland | 19 November 2021 | Barnacle Goose | A/barnacle_goose/Scotland/062007/2021 | EPI_ISL_13369766 | Adult |
Silloth | England | 26 November 2021 | Barnacle Goose | A/barnacle_goose/England/293824/2021 | EPI_ISL_13369779 | Adult |
Carlisle | England | 26 November 2021 | Barnacle Goose | A/barnacle_goose/England/293809/2021 | EPI_ISL_13369780 | Adult |
Kirkcudbright | Scotland | 30 November 2021 | Barnacle Goose | A/barnacle_goose/Scotland/064368/2021 | EPI_ISL_13370417 | Adult |
Kirkcolm | Scotland | 1 December 2021 | Common Buzzard | A/common_buzzard/Scotland/294149/2021 | EPI_ISL_13370418 | Adult |
Allerdale | England | 1 December 2021 | Mute Swan | A/Mute_Swan/England/294146/2021 | EPI_ISL_13370506 | Adult |
Silloth | England | 4 December 2021 | Barnacle Goose | A/barnacle_goose/England/294327/2021 | EPI_ISL_13370517 | Adult |
Annan | Scotland | 4 December 2021 | Barnacle Goose | A/Barnacle_goose/Scotland/075760/2021 | EPI_ISL_13486748 | Adult |
Caerlaverock | Scotland | 4 December 2021 | Barnacle Goose | A/Barnacle_goose/Scotland/075827/2021 | EPI_ISL_13486760 | Adult |
Annan | Scotland | 4 December 2021 | Mute Swan | A/Mute_swan/Scotland/075821/2021 | EPI_ISL_13486881 | Adult |
Annan | Scotland | 6 December 2021 | Barnacle Goose | A/barnacle_goose/Scotland/072143/2021 | EPI_ISL_13370522 | Adult |
Allerdale | England | 9 December 2021 | Barnacle Goose | A/barnacle_goose/England/294620/2021 | EPI_ISL_13370561 | Adult |
Caerlaverock | Scotland | 10 December 2021 | Barnacle Goose | A/Barnacle_goose/Scotland/075563/2021 | EPI_ISL_13486738 | Adult |
Caerlaverock | Scotland | 11 December 2021 | Barnacle Goose | A/Barnacle_goose/Scotland/072168/2021 | EPI_ISL_13486729 | Adult |
Caerlaverock | Scotland | 11 December 2021 | Whooper Swan | A/Whooper_swan/Scotland/072171/2021 | EPI_ISL_13486975 | Adult |
Dumfries | Scotland | 13 December 2021 | Barnacle Goose | A/Barnacle_goose/Scotland/072140/2021 | EPI_ISL_13453562 | Adult |
Annan | Scotland | 13 December 2021 | Barnacle Goose | A/Barnacle_goose/Scotland/072152/2021 | EPI_ISL_13453563 | Adult |
Thornhill | Scotland | 15 December 2021 | Common Buzzard | A/Common_buzzard/Scotland/073099/2021 | EPI_ISL_13486819 | Adult |
Dumfries | Scotland | 17 December 2021 | Barnacle Goose | A/Barnacle_goose/Scotland/109090/2021 | EPI_ISL_13486785 | Adult |
Dumfries | Scotland | 17 December 2021 | Barnacle Goose | A/Barnacle_goose/Scotland/109105/2021 | EPI_ISL_13486796 | Adult |
Ruthwell | Scotland | 27 December 2021 | Barnacle Goose | A/Barnacle_goose/Scotland/003169/2021 | EPI_ISL_13486688 | Adult |
Dumfries | Scotland | 30 December 2021 | Barnacle Goose | A/Barnacle_goose/Scotland/076711/2021 | EPI_ISL_13486772 | Adult |
Clarencefield | Scotland | 31 December 2021 | Barnacle Goose | A/Barnacle_goose/Scotland/003588/2022 | EPI_ISL_13486713 | Adult |
Port Logan | Scotland | 2 January 2022 | Barnacle Goose | A/Barnacle_goose/Scotland/003579/2022 | EPI_ISL_13486700 | Adult |
Troqueer | Scotland | 8 January 2022 | Pink-footed goose | A/pink-footed_goose/Scotland/003617/2022 | EPI_ISL_13782461 | Adult |
Species | Number Tested | Positive | % Positivity | Number of Samples Submitted for WGS |
---|---|---|---|---|
Barnacle Goose (Branta leucopsis) | 43 | 41 | 95.35 | 24 |
Mute Swan (Cygnus olor) | 20 | 17 | 85 | 2 |
Common Buzzard (Buteo buteo) | 12 | 11 | 91.67 | 2 |
Whooper Swan (Cygnus cygnus) | 7 | 7 | 100 | 2 |
Pink-footed Goose (Anser brachyrhynchus) | 6 | 5 | 83.33 | 2 |
Greylag Goose (Anser anser) | 5 | 5 | 100 | |
Pheasant (Phasianus colchicus) | 3 | 2 | 66.67 | |
Common Starling (Sturnus vulgaris) | 3 | 0 | 0 | |
Canada goose (Branta canadensis) | 2 | 2 | 100 | |
Indian runner duck (Anas platyrhynchos domesticus) | 2 | 0 | 0 | |
Kestrel (Falco tinnunculus) | 2 | 1 | 50 | 1 |
Hen Harrier (Circus cyaneus) | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Herring Gull (Larus argentatus) | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Eurasian Sparrowhawk (Accipiter nisus) | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Tawny Owl (Strix aluco) | 1 | 0 | 0 | |
Goose unspecified | 5 | 5 | 100 | |
Gull unspecified | 1 | 1 | 100 | |
Swan unspecified | 1 | 1 | 100 | |
Grand Total | 116 | 98 | 33 |
Sample Number | H5N1 | H5N8 | H5N3 | Sex | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Titre | Result | Titre | Result | Titre | Result | ||
1 | <2 | Negative | 8 | Negative | 128 | Positive | F |
2 | 8 | Negative | 16 | Positive | 32 | Positive | F |
3 | 16 | Positive | 32 | Positive | 64 | Positive | F |
4 | 128 | Positive | 64 | Positive | 256 | Positive | M |
5 | <2 | Negative | 2 | Negative | 32 | Positive | F |
6 | 2 | Negative | 8 | Negative | 512 | Positive | F |
7 | 2 | Negative | 8 | Negative | 64 | Positive | F |
8 | 2 | Negative | 32 | Positive | 256 | Positive | F |
9 | 16 | Positive | 8 | Negative | 4 | Negative | M |
10 | 8 | Negative | 8 | Negative | 512 | Positive | M |
11 | 128 | Positive | 32 | Positive | 512 | Positive | F |
12 | <2 | Negative | 16 | Positive | 32 | Positive | F |
13 | IS | ND | IS | ND | IS | ND | M |
14 | IS | ND | IS | ND | IS | ND | M |
15 | <2 | Negative | <2 | Negative | <2 | Negative | M |
16 | <2 | Negative | <2 | Negative | 256 | Positive | M |
17 | <2 | Negative | 32 | Positive | 256 | Positive | F |
18 | 4 | Negative | 32 | Positive | 64 | Positive | M |
19 | 2 | Negative | 8 | Negative | 8 | Negative | F |
20 | <2 | Negative | <2 | Negative | 32 | Positive | F |
21 | <2 | Negative | <2 | Negative | <2 | Negative | M |
22 | <2 | Negative | <2 | Negative | <2 | Negative | M |
23 | 8 | Negative | 32 | Positive | 128 | Positive | M |
24 | <2 | Negative | 8 | Negative | <2 | Negative | F |
25 | 64 | Positive | 64 | Positive | 128 | Positive | M |
26 | <2 | Negative | <2 | Negative | <2 | Negative | M |
27 | 32 | Positive | 16 | Positive | 64 | Positive | M |
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Ross, C.S.; Byrne, A.M.P.; Mahmood, S.; Thomas, S.; Reid, S.; Freath, L.; Griffin, L.R.; Falchieri, M.; Holmes, P.; Goldsmith, N.; et al. Genetic Analysis of H5N1 High-Pathogenicity Avian Influenza Virus following a Mass Mortality Event in Wild Geese on the Solway Firth. Pathogens 2024, 13, 83. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13010083
Ross CS, Byrne AMP, Mahmood S, Thomas S, Reid S, Freath L, Griffin LR, Falchieri M, Holmes P, Goldsmith N, et al. Genetic Analysis of H5N1 High-Pathogenicity Avian Influenza Virus following a Mass Mortality Event in Wild Geese on the Solway Firth. Pathogens. 2024; 13(1):83. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13010083
Chicago/Turabian StyleRoss, Craig S., Alexander M. P. Byrne, Sahar Mahmood, Saumya Thomas, Scott Reid, Lorna Freath, Larry R. Griffin, Marco Falchieri, Paul Holmes, Nick Goldsmith, and et al. 2024. "Genetic Analysis of H5N1 High-Pathogenicity Avian Influenza Virus following a Mass Mortality Event in Wild Geese on the Solway Firth" Pathogens 13, no. 1: 83. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13010083