Investigation on Anthrax in Bangladesh during the Outbreaks of 2011 and Definition of the Epidemiological Correlations
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. B. anthracis Detection by PCR
2.2. CanSNPs, MLVA, and SNR Analyses
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Sampling
4.2. Isolation
4.3. DNA Preparation and PCR
4.4. Canonical Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (CanSNP) Analysis
4.5. The 15-Loci Multi-Locus Variable Number of Tandem Repeats (VNTRs) Analysis (MLVA) and Single Nucleotide Repeats (SNRs) Analysis
4.6. Automated Genotype Analysis
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Diagnosed Cases (%) | Deaths (CFR 1, %) | |
---|---|---|
Cattle | 1278 (76.6%) | 165 (12.9%) |
Buffaloes | 83 (5.0%) | 3 (3.6%) |
Goats | 270 (16.2%) | 5 (1.9%) |
Sheep | 37 (2.2%) | 0 |
Humans | 122 | 2 (1.6%) |
VNTRs Observed bp | |||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Division | District | Upazila | Sample Type | Sample ID | vrra | vrrb1 | vrrb2 | vrrc1 | vrrc2 | cg3 | pXO1 | pXO2 | vntr12 | vntr16 | vntr17 | vntr19 | vntr23 | vntr32 | vntr35 | MLVA 15 Gt | |
DHAKA | Faridpur | Faridpur | Bone | F26/1-B | 306 | 223 | 154 | 584 | 522 | 153 | 121 | 133 | 110 | 135 | 381 | 90 | 182 | 378 | 116 | Gt_2/Ban | [21] |
F25-B | 306 | 223 | 154 | 584 | 522 | 153 | 127 | 133 | 110 | 135 | 381 | 90 | 182 | 378 | 116 | Gt_1/Ban | Gt/KamBel [13] | ||||
Feed | F25/1-F | 306 | 223 | 154 | 584 | 522 | 153 | 127 | 133 | 110 | 135 | 381 | 90 | 182 | 378 | 116 | Gt_1/Ban | Gt/KamBel [13] | |||
F25/1-F | 306 | 223 | 154 | 584 | 522 | 153 | 127 | 135 | 110 | 135 | 390 | 90 | 182 | 378 | 116 | Gt_6/Ban | new | ||||
Soil | F25-S | 306 | 223 | 154 | 584 | 522 | 153 | 127 | 133 | 110 | 135 | 381 | 90 | 182 | 378 | 116 | Gt_1/Ban | Gt/KamBel [13] | |||
Tangail | Ghatail | Soil | G001-S | 306 | 223 | 154 | 584 | 522 | 153 | 127 | 133 | 110 | 135 | 381 | 90 | 182 | 378 | 116 | Gt_1/Ban | Gt/KamBel [13] | |
Slaughter soil | G001-SS | 306 | 223 | 154 | 584 | 522 | 153 | 127 | 133 | 110 | 135 | 381 | 90 | 182 | 378 | 116 | Gt_1/Ban | Gt/KamBel [13] | |||
Rumen | G001-R | 306 | 223 | 154 | 584 | 522 | 153 | 127 | 133 | 110 | 135 | 381 | 90 | 182 | 378 | 116 | Gt_1/Ban | Gt/KamBel [13] | |||
KHULNA | Meherpur | Gangni | Soil | M002/1-S | 306 | 223 | 154 | 584 | 522 | 153 | 127 | 133 | 110 | 135 | 381 | 90 | 182 | 378 | 116 | Gt_1/Ban | Gt/KamBel [13] |
M002/2-S | 306 | 223 | 154 | 584 | 522 | 153 | 127 | 133 | 110 | 135 | 381 | 90 | 182 | 378 | 116 | Gt_1/Ban | Gt/KamBel [13] | ||||
M002/3-S | 306 | 223 | 154 | 584 | 522 | 153 | 127 | 133 | 110 | 135 | 381 | 90 | 182 | 378 | 116 | Gt_1/Ban | Gt/KamBel [13] | ||||
RAJSHAHI | Bogra | Dhunat | Slaughter soil | D5003-SS | 306 | 223 | 154 | 584 | 522 | 153 | 121 | 133 | 110 | 135 | 381 | 90 | 182 | 378 | 116 | Gt_2/Ban | [21] |
D5006-SS | 306 | 223 | 154 | 584 | 522 | 153 | 121 | 133 | 110 | 135 | 381 | 90 | 182 | 378 | 116 | Gt_2/Ban | [21] | ||||
Soil | D5007-S | 306 | 223 | 154 | 584 | 522 | 153 | 121 | 133 | 110 | 135 | 381 | 90 | 182 | 378 | 116 | Gt_2/Ban | [21] | |||
Rumen | D5007-R | 306 | 223 | 154 | 584 | 522 | 153 | 127 | 133 | 110 | 135 | 381 | 90 | 182 | 378 | 116 | Gt_1/Ban | Gt/KamBel [13] | |||
Pabna | Santhia | Bone | PSC006-B | 306 | 223 | 154 | 538 | 522 | 153 | 130 | 137 | 110 | 135 | 381 | 90 | 182 | 563 | 122 | Gt_5/Ban | new | |
Feed | PSC006-F | 306 | 223 | 154 | 584 | 522 | 153 | 127 | 133 | 110 | 135 | 381 | 90 | 182 | 378 | 116 | Gt_1/Ban | Gt/KamBel [13] | |||
Soil | PSC006-S | 306 | 223 | 154 | 538 | 522 | 153 | 130 | 137 | 110 | 135 | 381 | 90 | 182 | 563 | 122 | Gt_6/Ban | new | |||
Sirajganj | Shahjadpur | Bone | S05-B | 295 | 223 | 154 | 584 | 522 | 153 | 127 | 133 | 110 | 135 | 381 | 90 | 182 | 563 | 116 | Gt_3/Ban | Gt/ChU [13] | |
S13-B | 295 | 223 | 154 | 584 | 522 | 153 | 127 | 133 | 110 | 135 | 381 | 90 | 182 | 563 | 116 | Gt_3/Ban | Gt/ChU [13] | ||||
S01-B | 306 | 223 | 154 | 584 | 522 | 153 | 127 | 133 | 110 | 135 | 381 | 90 | 182 | 378 | 116 | Gt_1/Ban | Gt/KamBel [13] | ||||
Feed | S01-F | 306 | 223 | 154 | 584 | 522 | 153 | 127 | 133 | 110 | 135 | 381 | 90 | 182 | 378 | 116 | Gt_1/Ban | Gt/KamBel [13] | |||
Rumen | S01-R | 306 | 223 | 154 | 584 | 522 | 153 | 127 | 133 | 110 | 135 | 381 | 90 | 182 | 378 | 116 | Gt_1/Ban | Gt/KamBel [13] | |||
Soil | S01-S | 306 | 223 | 154 | 584 | 522 | 153 | 127 | 133 | 110 | 135 | 381 | 90 | 182 | 378 | 116 | Gt_1/Ban | Gt/KamBel [13] | |||
S01_S22-S | 306 | 223 | 154 | 584 | 522 | 153 | 127 | 133 | 110 | 135 | 381 | 90 | 182 | 378 | 116 | Gt_1/Ban | Gt/KamBel [13] | ||||
S01_S12-S | 306 | 223 | 154 | 584 | 522 | 153 | 127 | 133 | 110 | 135 | 381 | 90 | 182 | 378 | 116 | Gt_1/Ban | Gt/KamBel [13] | ||||
S11-S | 306 | 223 | 154 | 584 | 522 | 153 | 127 | 133 | 110 | 135 | 381 | 90 | 182 | 378 | 116 | Gt_1/Ban | Gt/KamBel [13] | ||||
Ullahpara | Soil | U05-S | 295 | 223 | 154 | 584 | 522 | 153 | 127 | 133 | 110 | 135 | 381 | 90 | 182 | 563 | 116 | Gt_3/Ban | Gt/ChU [13] | ||
Water | U10-W | 295 | 223 | 154 | 584 | 522 | 153 | 127 | 133 | 110 | 135 | 381 | 90 | 182 | 563 | 116 | Gt_3/Ban | Gt/ChU [13] |
MLVA 15 Gt | SNR Considered | SNR_4 subGt | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
HM1 CL33/pXO2 | HM2 CL10/Chrom | HM6 CL12/Chrom | HM13 CL35/pXO2 | ||
Gt_1/Ban or Gt/KamBel | 82 | 111 | 90 | 118 | subGt_1 |
82 | 109 | 90 | 118 | subGt_1_1 | |
83 | 112 | 90 | 118 | subGt_1_2 | |
85 | 106 | 92 | 119 | subGt_1_3 | |
82 | 109 | 91 | 119 | subGt_1_4 | |
80 | 111 | 89 | 118 | subGt_1_5 | |
82 | 109 | 90 | 119 | subGt_1_6 | |
83 | 109 | 91 | 119 | subGt_1_7 | |
Gt_2/Ban | 82 | 109 | 90 | 119 | subGt_5_1 |
83 | 109 | 91 | 118 | subGt_5_2 | |
Gt_3/Ban or Gt/ChU | 79 | 108 | 91 | 118 | subGt_6_1 |
85 | 106 | 92 | 119 | subGt_6_2 | |
Gt_5/Ban | 83 | 109 | 91 | 118 | subGt_9 |
Gt_6/Ban | 82 | 111 | 90 | 118 | subGt_1 |
83 | 109 | 91 | 118 | subGt_9 |
Division | District | Upazila | Bone | Rumen Ingesta | Soil | Feed | Water | Meat in Formaline |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DHAKA | Faridpur | Faridpur | 2 | - | 4 | 3 | - | - |
Tangail | Gathail | - | 1 | 2 | - | - | - | |
KHULNA | Meherpur | Gangni | - | - | 4 | - | - | 1 |
RAJSHAHI | Bogra | Dhunat | - | 1 | 7 | - | - | - |
Pabna | Santhia | 2 | - | 2 | 1 | - | - | |
Sirajganj | Shahjadpur | 3 | 1 | 15 | 5 | 2 | - | |
Ullapara | - | - | 2 | 1 | 1 | - |
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Galante, D.; Manzulli, V.; Serrecchia, L.; Taranto, P.D.; Hugh-Jones, M.; Hossain, M.J.; Rondinone, V.; Cipolletta, D.; Pace, L.; Iatarola, M.; et al. Investigation on Anthrax in Bangladesh during the Outbreaks of 2011 and Definition of the Epidemiological Correlations. Pathogens 2021, 10, 481. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10040481
Galante D, Manzulli V, Serrecchia L, Taranto PD, Hugh-Jones M, Hossain MJ, Rondinone V, Cipolletta D, Pace L, Iatarola M, et al. Investigation on Anthrax in Bangladesh during the Outbreaks of 2011 and Definition of the Epidemiological Correlations. Pathogens. 2021; 10(4):481. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10040481
Chicago/Turabian StyleGalante, Domenico, Viviana Manzulli, Luigina Serrecchia, Pietro Di Taranto, Martin Hugh-Jones, M. Jahangir Hossain, Valeria Rondinone, Dora Cipolletta, Lorenzo Pace, Michela Iatarola, and et al. 2021. "Investigation on Anthrax in Bangladesh during the Outbreaks of 2011 and Definition of the Epidemiological Correlations" Pathogens 10, no. 4: 481. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10040481