Energy-Efficient Technologies and the Building’s Saleable Floor Area: Bust or Boost for Highly-Efficient Green Construction?
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Assumptions and Analysis
2.1. Modeled Buildings
Notation | Explanation |
---|---|
CNV-A | conventional building, timber construction, insulation mineral wool, lambda 0.036 W/(mK) |
CNV B | conventional building, brick construction, insulation mineral wool, lambda 0.036 W/(mK) |
EE-A1 | energy-efficient building, timber construction, insulation mineral wool, lambda 0.036 W/(mK) |
EE-A2N | new technology, energy-efficient building, timber construction, insulation mineral wool, lambda 0.033 W/(mK) |
EE-A3N | new technology, energy-efficient building, timber construction, insulation pir (polyisocyanurate), lambda 0.024 W/(mK) |
EE-B1 | energy-efficient building, brick construction, insulation mineral wool, lambda 0.036 W/(mK) |
EE-B2N | new technology, energy-efficient building, brick construction, insulation mineral wool, lambda 0.033 W/(mK) |
EE-B3N | new technology, energy-efficient building, brick construction, insulation pir (polyisocyanurate), lambda 0.024 W/(mK) |
Assumed requirements | Conventional building | Energy-efficient building |
---|---|---|
Building dimensions (external) | 12 m × 35 m | 12 m × 35 m |
Height (to the roof top) | 9 m | 9 m |
Number of apartments | 6 | 6 |
Number of levels | 2 | 2 |
Basement | no | no |
Annual space heating (kW/m2) * | 55 | 26 |
Annual primary energy including household electricity (kW/m2) | not specified | 110 |
Airtightness (at +/−50 Pa) | 0.6 (h−1) | 0.4 (h−1) |
U-value (fundament) [W/(m2K)] | 0.14 | 0.10 |
U-value (roof) [W/(m2K)] | 0.14 | 0.08 |
2.2. Construction Cost
2.3. Difference in Floor Area
Year | Type | Loss in floor area building as a whole, m2 | Compared to |
---|---|---|---|
(a) 2002 | EE-A1 | −12.8 | CVN-A |
EE-B1 | −18.4 | CVN-B | |
(b) 2013 | EE-A1 | −12.8 | CVN-A |
EE-B1 | −13.8 | CVN-B |
2.4. Appraising Economic Losses and Gains Based on Saleable Floor Area
Location | Assumed selling and renting prices |
---|---|
Sale price of m2 in the suburbs (ps1) | 2500 (Euro/m2) |
Sale price of m2 in the city centre (ps2) | 6000 (Euro/m2) |
Rent price per year of m2 in the suburbs (pr1) | 100 (Euro/m2) |
Rent price per year of m2 in the city centre (pr2) | 150 (Euro/m2) |
3. Study Results and Discussion
3.1. Conventional versus Energy-Efficient Building with Standard Products—Difference in Floor Area
3.1.1. The Situation in 2002
3.1.1.1. Timber Houses
Difference in cost, living floor area and income | CVN A-EE-A1 2002 |
---|---|
Construction cost difference * | |
Cost difference (Euro/m2 wall section) | −6.56 |
Cost difference (Euro, total wall construction) | −3,256 |
Cost difference windows (Euro) | −10,997 |
Total cost difference (windows + wall) (Euro) | −14,253 |
Gains/losses in living floor area (m2) | −12.8 |
Assessed income losses/gains due to area difference * | |
ps1 = 2,500 Euro/m2 | −32,000 |
ps2 = 6,000 Euro/m2 | −76,800 |
pr1 = 150 Euro/m2 | −1,920 |
pr2 = 100 Euro/m2 | −1,280 |
3.1.1.2. Brick Houses
Difference in cost, living floor area and income | CVN B-EE-B1 2002 |
---|---|
Construction cost difference | |
Cost difference (Euro/m2 wall section) | −26.25 |
Cost difference (Euro, total wall construction) | −13,025 |
Cost difference windows (Euro) | −10,997 |
Total cost difference (windows + wall) (Euro) | −24,022 |
Gains/losses in living floor area (m2) | −18.4 |
Assessed income losses/gains due to area difference | |
ps1 = 2,500 Euro/m2 | −46,000 |
ps2 = 6,000 Euro/m2 | −110,400 |
pr1 = 150 Euro/m2 | −2,760 |
pr2 = 100 Euro/m2 | −1,840 |
3.1.2. The Situation in 2012
3.1.2.1. Timber Houses
Difference in cost, living floor area and income | CVN A-EE-A1 2013 |
---|---|
Construction cost difference | |
Cost difference (Euro/m2 wall section) | −7.66 |
Cost difference (Euro, total wall construction) | −3,801 |
Cost difference windows (Euro) | −1,746 |
Total cost difference (windows + wall) (Euro) | −5,547 |
Gains/losses in living floor area (m2) | −12.8 |
Assessed income losses/gains due to area difference | |
ps1 = 2,500 Euro/m2 | −32,000 |
ps2 = 6,000 Euro/m2 | −76,800 |
pr1 = 150 Euro/m2 | −1,920 |
pr2 = 100 Euro/m2 | −1,280 |
3.1.2.2. Brick Houses
Difference in cost, living floor area and income | CVN B-EE-B1 2012 |
---|---|
Construction cost difference | |
Cost difference (Euro/m2 wall section) | −28.98 |
Cost difference (Euro, total wall construction) | −14,380 |
Cost difference windows (Euro) | −1,746 |
Total cost difference (windows + wall) (Euro) | −16,127 |
Gains/losses in living floor area (m2) | −13.8 |
Assessed income losses/gains due to area difference | |
ps1 = 2,500 Euro/m2 | −34,500 |
ps2 = 6,000 Euro/m2 | −82,800 |
pr1 = 150 Euro/m2 | −2,070 |
pr2 = 100 Euro/m2 | −1,380 |
3.2. Energy-Efficient Building with New Products—Difference in Floor Area
Type | Loss in floor area building as a whole, m2 | Compared to |
---|---|---|
EE-A1 * | −12.8 | CVN-A |
EE-A2N | −9.1 | CVN-A |
EE-A3N | 3.9 | CVN-A |
EE-B1 | −13.8 | CVN-B |
EE-B2N | −9.2 | CVN-B |
EE-B3N | 20.3 | CVN-B |
3.2.1. Timber Houses
Difference in cost, living floor area and income | CNV A-EE-A2N | CNV A-EE-A3N |
---|---|---|
Construction cost difference | ||
Cost difference (Euro/m2 wall section) | −7.3 | −38.5 |
Cost difference (Euro, total wall construction) | −3,635 | −19,084 |
Cost difference windows (Euro) | −1,746 | −1,746 |
Total cost difference (windows + wall) (Euro) | −5,381 | −20,831 |
Gains/losses in living floor area (m2) | −9.1 | 3.9 |
Assessed income losses/gains due to area difference | ||
ps1 = 2,500 Euro/m2 | −22,750 | 9,750 |
ps2 = 6,000 Euro/m2 | −54,600 | 23,400 |
pr1 = 150 Euro/m2 | −1,365 | 585 |
pr2 = 100 Euro/m2 | −910 | 390 |
Difference in cost, living floor area and income | EE-A1-EE-A2N | EE-A1-EE-A3N |
---|---|---|
Construction cost difference | ||
Cost difference (Euro/m2 wall section) | 0.3 | −34.8 |
Cost difference (Euro, total wall construction) | 166 | −17,268 |
Cost difference windows (Euro) | −1,746 | −1,7464 |
Total cost difference (windows + wall) (Euro) | −1,580 | −19,014 |
Gains/losses in living floor area (m2) | 3.7 | 16.7 |
Assessed income losses/gains due to area difference | ||
ps1 = 2,500 Euro/m2 | 9,250 | 41,750 |
ps2 = 6,000 Euro/m2 | 22,200 | 100,200 |
pr1 = 150 Euro/m2 | 555 | 2,505 |
pr2 = 100 Euro/m2 | 370 | 1,670 |
3.2.2. Brick Houses
Difference in cost, living floor area and income | CNV B-EE-B2N | CNV B-EE-B3N |
---|---|---|
Construction cost difference | ||
Cost difference (Euro/m2 wall section) | −30.4 | −62.1 |
Cost difference (Euro, total wall construction) | −15,100 | −30,802 |
Cost difference windows (Euro) | −1,746 | −1,746 |
Total cost difference (windows + wall) (Euro) | −16,846 | −32,548 |
Gains/losses in living floor area (m2) | −9.2 | 20.3 |
Assessed income losses/gains due to area difference (Euro) | ||
ps1 = 2,500 Euro/m2 | −23,000 | 50,750 |
ps2 = 6,000 Euro/m2 | −55,200 | 121,800 |
pr1 = 150 Euro/m2 | −1,380 | 3,045 |
pr2 = 100 Euro/m2 | −920 | 2,030 |
Difference in cost, living floor area and income | EE-B1-EE-A2N | EE-A1-EE-B3N |
---|---|---|
Construction cost difference | ||
Cost difference (Euro/m2 wall section) | −1.5 | −33.1 |
Cost difference (Euro, total wall construction) | −720 | −16,422 |
Cost difference windows (Euro) | −1,746 | −1,746 |
Total cost difference (windows + wall) (Euro) | −720 | −16,422 |
Gains/losses in living floor area (m2) | 4.6 | 34.0 |
Assessed income losses/gains due to area difference (Euro) | ||
ps1 = 2,500 Euro/m2 | 11,500 | 85,000 |
ps2 = 6,000 Euro/m2 | 27,760 | 204,000 |
pr1 = 150 Euro/m2 | 690 | 5,100 |
pr2 = 100 Euro/m2 | 460 | 3,400 |
3.3. Limitations
4. Concluding Comments
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix 1. Loss in Floor Area in Relation to Windows of Different Quality
Type | Loss in floor area building as a whole, m2 | Compared to |
---|---|---|
EE-A1 | −12.8 | CVN-A |
EE-A2N, Uwindows = 0.7 W/(m2K) | 3.9 | CVN-A |
EE-A3N, Uwindows = 0.7 W/(m2K) | 7.4 | CVN-A |
EE-B1 | −13.8 | CVN-B |
EE-B2N, Uwindows = 0.7 W/(m2K) | 25.8 | CVN-B |
EE-B3N, Uwindows = 0.7 W/(m2K) | 29.5 | CVN-B |
EE-A2N, Uwindows = 0.7 W/(m2K) | 16.7 | EE-A1 |
EE-A3N, Uwindows = 0.7 W/(m2K) | 24.1 | EE-A1 |
EE-B2N, Uwindows = 0.7 W/(m2K) | 39.6 | EE-B1 |
EE-B3N, Uwindows = 0.7 W/(m2K) | 43.3 | EE-B1 |
Appendix 2. Results When Taking Window Quality into Account
The Situation in 2002
The Situation in 2013
Timber Houses
Difference in cost, living floor area and income | CNV A-EE-A2N | CNV A-EE-A3N |
---|---|---|
Construction cost difference | ||
Cost difference (Euro/m2 wall section) | −0.3 | −38.5 |
Cost difference (Euro, total wall construction) | −146 | −19,084 |
Cost difference windows (Euro) | −7,233 | −7,233 |
Total cost difference (windows + wall) (Euro) | −7,380 | −26,317 |
Gains/losses in living floor area (m2) | 3.9 | 7.4 |
Assessed income losses/gains due to area difference (Euro) | ||
ps1 = 2,500 Euro/m2 | 9,750 | 18,500 |
ps2 = 6,000 Euro/m2 | 23,400 | 44,400 |
pr1 = 150 Euro/m2 | 585 | 1,110 |
pr2 = 100 Euro/m2 | 390 | 740 |
Brick Houses
Difference in cost, living floor area and income | CNV B-EE-B2N | CNV B-EE-B3N |
---|---|---|
Construction cost difference | ||
Cost difference (Euro/m2 wall section) | −4.6 | −27.3 |
Cost difference (Euro, total wall construction) | −2,267 | −13,558 |
Cost difference windows (Euro) | −7,233 | −7,233 |
Total cost difference (windows + wall) (Euro) | −9,500 | −20,792 |
Gains/losses in living floor area (m2) | 25.8 | 29.5 |
Assessed income losses/gains due to area difference (Euro) | ||
ps1 = 2,500 Euro/m2 | 64,500 | 73,750 |
ps2 = 6,000 Euro/m2 | 154,800 | 177,000 |
pr1 = 150 Euro/m2 | 3,870 | 4,425 |
pr2 = 100 Euro/m2 | 2,580 | 2,950 |
Appendix 3. Comparison of Energy-Efficient Buildings with Different Technology
Difference in cost, living floor area and income | EE-A1-EE-A2N | EE-A1-EE-A3N |
---|---|---|
Construction cost difference | ||
Cost difference (Euro/m2 wall section) | 7.4 | −30.8 |
Cost difference (Euro, total wall construction) | 3,654 | −15,283 |
Cost difference windows (Euro) | −7,233 | −7,233 |
Total cost difference (windows + wall) (Euro) | −3,578 | −22,516 |
Gains/losses in living floor area (m2) | 16.7 | 24.1 |
Assessed income losses/gains due to area difference (Euro) | ||
ps1 = 2,500 Euro/m2 | 41,750 | 60,250 |
ps2 = 6,000 Euro/m2 | 100,200 | 144,600 |
pr1 = 150 Euro/m2 | 2,505 | 3,615 |
pr2 = 100 Euro/m2 | 1,670 | 2,410 |
Difference in cost, living floor area and income | EE-A1-EE-B2N | EE-A1-EE-B3N |
---|---|---|
Construction cost difference | ||
Cost difference (Euro/m2 wall section) | 24.4 | 1.7 |
Cost difference (Euro, total wall construction) | 12,113 | 821 |
Cost difference windows (Euro) | −7,233 | −7,233 |
Total cost difference (windows + wall) (Euro) | 4,879 | −6,411 |
Gains/losses in living floor area (m2) | 39.6 | 43.3 |
Assessed income losses/gains due to area difference | ||
ps1 = 2,500 Euro/m2 | 99,000 | 108,250 |
ps2 = 6,000 Euro/m2 | 237,600 | 259,800 |
pr1 = 150 Euro/m2 | 5,949 | 6,495 |
pr2 = 100 Euro/m2 | 3,960 | 4,330 |
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Zalejska-Jonsson, A.; Lind, H.; Hintze, S. Energy-Efficient Technologies and the Building’s Saleable Floor Area: Bust or Boost for Highly-Efficient Green Construction? Buildings 2013, 3, 570-587. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings3030570
Zalejska-Jonsson A, Lind H, Hintze S. Energy-Efficient Technologies and the Building’s Saleable Floor Area: Bust or Boost for Highly-Efficient Green Construction? Buildings. 2013; 3(3):570-587. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings3030570
Chicago/Turabian StyleZalejska-Jonsson, Agnieszka, Hans Lind, and Staffan Hintze. 2013. "Energy-Efficient Technologies and the Building’s Saleable Floor Area: Bust or Boost for Highly-Efficient Green Construction?" Buildings 3, no. 3: 570-587. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings3030570