Impacts of Building Environment and Urban Green Space Features on Urban Air Quality: Focusing on Interaction Effects and Nonlinearity
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
3. Study Area and Data
4. Results
5. Discussion
5.1. Significance and Implications
5.2. Limitations
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Description | Obs. | Mean | Std. Dev. |
---|---|---|---|---|
Dependent Variable | ||||
PM | Annual mean PM2.5 levels (μg/m3) | 659 | 16.86 | 1.04 |
Urban Green Space Indicators | ||||
S_GS | Size of green space (104 m2) | 659 | 63.04 | 39.67 |
N_GS | Number of green space clusters | 659 | 1.94 | 1.81 |
Building Environment Indicators | ||||
N_BULD | Number of buildings | 659 | 290.83 | 395.75 |
DD_BULD | Dispersion degree of building distribution | 659 | 0.30 | 0.14 |
M_BA | Mean building area (m2) | 659 | 399.37 | 825.09 |
M_BH | Mean building height (m) | 659 | 11.43 | 10.82 |
SD_BH | Standard deviation of building height (m) | 659 | 11.09 | 11.68 |
SHR_I | Share of industrial building GFA | 659 | 0.03 | 0.14 |
SHR_C | Share of commercial building GFA | 659 | 0.02 | 0.10 |
Control Variables | ||||
T_RL | Total road length (km) | 659 | 10.01 | 7.43 |
M_DEM | Mean of digital elevation model | 659 | 108.36 | 108.98 |
Independent Variables | (1) | VIF |
---|---|---|
S_GS | −3.96 × 10−4 ** (1.64 × 10−4) | 3.56 |
N_GS | 1.12 × 10−1 *** (2.36 × 10−2) | 1.23 |
N_BULD | 3.12 × 10−4 ** (1.38 × 10−4) | 2.04 |
DD_BULD | 3.15 × 10−1 (3.07 × 10−1) | 1.18 |
M_BA | −4.93 × 10−5 (5.66 × 10−5) | 1.49 |
M_BH | 8.93 × 10−3 (8.39 × 10−3) | 5.61 |
SD_BH | −1.54 × 10−2 * (8.01 × 10−3) | 5.96 |
SHR_I | 2.62 × 10−1 (2.87 × 10−1) | 1.06 |
SHR_C | 1.02 × 100 ** (4.18 × 10−1) | 1.21 |
Control variables | Yes | |
Constant | 1.70 × 101 *** (2.00 × 10−1) | |
R2 | 0.11 | |
N | 659 |
Independent Variables | (2) | (3) |
---|---|---|
S_GS | −3.58 × 10−4 ** (1.63 × 10−4) | −3.88 × 10−4 ** (1.64 × 10−4) |
N_GS | 1.14 × 10−1 *** (2.33 × 10−2) | 1.13 × 10−1 *** (2.36 × 10−2) |
N_BULD | 3.60 × 10−4 ** (1.38 × 10−4) | 3.22 × 10−4 ** (1.39 × 10−4) |
DD_BULD | 3.69 × 10−1 (3.04 × 10−1) | 3.30 × 10−1 (3.07 × 10−1) |
M_BA | 5.61 × 10−6 (5.80 × 10−5) | −3.22 × 10−5 (5.78 × 10−5) |
M_BH | −4.17 × 10−2 *** (1.60 × 10−2) | 1.19 × 10−3 (9.95 × 10−3) |
M_BH × M_BH | 3.59 × 10−4 *** (9.67 × 10−5) | |
SD_BH | 6.25 × 10−3 (9.84 × 10−3) | −2.41 × 10−2 ** (1.00 × 10−2) |
SD_BH × SD_BH | 3.01 × 10−4 (2.08 × 10−4) | |
SHR_I | 1.81 × 10−1 (2.85 × 10−1) | 2.54 × 10−1 (2.87 × 10−1) |
SHR_C | 1.06 × 100 ** (4.18 × 10−1) | 1.00 × 100 ** (4.18 × 10−1) |
Control variables | Yes | Yes |
Constant | 1.71 × 101 *** (2.02 × 10−1) | 1.71 × 101 *** (2.02 × 10−1) |
R2 | 0.12 | 0.12 |
N | 659 | 659 |
Independent Variables | (4) | (5) |
---|---|---|
S_GS | −3.51 × 10−4 (3.61 × 10−4) | −6.76 × 10−4 *** (2.52 × 10−4) |
S_GS × M_BH_L | −8.25 × 10−4 ** (3.55 × 10−4) | |
S_GS × N_BULD_L | −3.76 × 10−4 (2.67 × 10−4) | |
N_GS | 1.09 × 10−1 *** (2.36 × 10−2) | 1.17 × 10−1 *** (2.38 × 10−2) |
N_BULD | 2.67 × 10−4 * (1.39 × 10−4) | 3.52 × 10−4 ** (1.71 × 10−4) |
DD_BULD | 2.86 × 10−1 (3.06 × 10−1) | 3.96 × 10−1 (3.11 × 10−1) |
M_BA | −6.63 × 10−5 (5.70 × 10−5) | −4.21 × 10−5 (5.73 × 10−5) |
M_BH | 5.92 × 10−3 (9.19 × 10−3) | 8.19 × 10−3 (8.40 × 10−3) |
SD_BH | −1.35 × 10−2 * (8.04 × 10−3) | −1.43 × 10−2 * (8.03 × 10−3) |
SHR_I | 2.19 × 10−1 (2.87 × 10−1) | 2.80 × 10−1 (2.88 × 10−1) |
SHR_C | 1.16 × 100 ** (4.23 × 10−1) | 1.04 × 100 ** (4.19 × 10−1) |
M_BH_L | 4.46 × 10−1 * (2.42 × 10−1) | |
N_BULD_L | −1.19 × 10−1 (2.08 × 10−1) | |
Control variables | Yes | Yes |
Constant | 1.67 × 101 *** (3.24 × 10−1) | 1.71 × 101 *** (2.53 × 10−1) |
R2 | 0.12 | 0.12 |
N | 659 | 659 |
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Wu, B.; Liu, C. Impacts of Building Environment and Urban Green Space Features on Urban Air Quality: Focusing on Interaction Effects and Nonlinearity. Buildings 2023, 13, 3111. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13123111
Wu B, Liu C. Impacts of Building Environment and Urban Green Space Features on Urban Air Quality: Focusing on Interaction Effects and Nonlinearity. Buildings. 2023; 13(12):3111. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13123111
Chicago/Turabian StyleWu, Binsheng, and Chunqing Liu. 2023. "Impacts of Building Environment and Urban Green Space Features on Urban Air Quality: Focusing on Interaction Effects and Nonlinearity" Buildings 13, no. 12: 3111. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings13123111