Public and Private Food Safety Standards: Facilitating or Frustrating Fresh Produce Growers?
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Public Food Safety Standards: 1990–2000
2.1. UK Food Safety Act 1990
2.2. EU General Food Law 2005
- Red Tractor Assurance Beef and Lamb Scheme (Formerly Assured British Meat [ABM])
- Red Tractor Farm Assured British Pigs Scheme (Formerly Assured British Pigs [ABP])
- Red Tractor Farm Assurance Poultry Scheme (Formerly Assured Chicken Production [ACP])
- Red Tractor Farm Assurance Combinable Crops & Sugar Beet (Formerly Assured Combinable Crops Scheme [ACCS])
- Red Tractor Farm Assurance Fresh Produce Scheme (Formerly Assured Produce [AP])
- Genesis Quality Assurance (GQA)
- Farm Assured Welsh Livestock (FAWL)
- Northern Ireland Beef/Lamb Farm Quality Assured Scheme (NIBLFQAS)
- Scottish Quality Cereals (SQC)
3. Public-Private Food Safety Standards: 2001–2011
Public Mandatory | Private | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Collective | Company assurance standards | |||
Pre-farm gate | Post-farm gate | |||
National | HACCP | Freshcare Code of Practice (Australia) 3 New Zealand GAP 4, 5 Hygiene codes | Qualitat und Sicherhei (QS) (Germany) IntegraleKetenBeheersing (IKB) US’s Pork Quality Assurance Programme 2 | Nature’s Choice (Tesco Stores, UK) Field-to-Fork (Marks&Spencer, UK) Filière Agriculture Raisonnée (Auchan, France) FilièreQualité (Carrefour, France) Terre et Saveur (Casino, France) |
International | Codex Alimentarius EU Regulations | Good Agricultural Practices SQF Code 7th Edition GlobalGAP ISO 9000; IS0 22000 (voluntary) | Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) BRC Global Standard Dutch HACCP International Food Standard SQF Code 7th Edition ISO 9000; IS0 22000 (voluntary) |
4. Facilitating or Frustrating Fresh Produce Growers?
Standard | Standard-setting body | Status of the standard-setting body |
---|---|---|
Assured Produce scheme | Assured Food Standards | Private association owned by the food chain |
BRC Global Food Standard | British retailer organization | |
GlobalGAP | EUREP | Food retailers association |
Tesco Nurture | Tesco PLC | Food retailer |
Field to Fork | Marks and Spencer | Food retailer |
Farm Biodiversity Action Plans | Sainbury’s Supermarket Ltd | Food retailer |
ASDA Brand (e.g., Good for you!) | ASDA Stores Ltd | Food retailer |
Morrisons “The Best” | Morrisons PLC | Food retailer |
5. Assurance Development Options for Fresh Produce Growers
Options | Advantages | Limitations |
---|---|---|
1. Do-nothing | • Reliance on regulatory controls • No cost to industry • Product still recognized in country | • Lack of market acceptance of regulatory controls only • Domestic market only |
2. Develop a national label/brand | • Recognition of products outside country • Ownership of brand and label • Control over marketing strategy | • Cost of promotion/marketing • Risks to brand if safety is compromised • Risk to brand if quality is not controlled |
3. Develop your own assurance scheme(s) to support your label | • Control of what is included in scheme (safety, quality and credence) • Ownership of assurance • Underpinning of label/brand | • Cost of development and promotion • Cost of new scope for certification • Recognition of scheme(s) by international markets |
4. Adopt an existing scheme | • Scheme developed and operational • Lower cost adoption in country • Scheme recognized by international markets | • Lack of control/development of scheme(s) • No control over costs of scheme(s) • No country of origin recognition |
5. Underpin your own brand/label with an existing scheme | • Recognition in international markets • Adaptation of scheme(s) to local requirements/issues • Country of origin brand underpinned by recognized assurance scheme(s) | • Cost of development • Cost of brand promotion • Reconciling local requirements with international standards |
6. Global Harmonization of Food Certification
- (a)
- good agricultural or manufacturing practices
- (b)
- a food safety management system
- (c)
- a HACCP system based on or equivalent to the Codex Alimentarius HACCP standard
7. Future Trends
Acknowledgments
References and Notes
- S.F. Tyrrel, J.W. Knox, and E.K. Weatherhead. “Microbiological water quality requirements for salad irrigation in the United Kingdom.” Journal of Food Protection 69 (2006): 2029–35. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- DEFRA. “Agriculture in the United Kingdom. ” Available online: http://www.defra.gov.uk/statistics/foodfarm/cross-cutting/auk/ (accessed on 18 July 2011).
- “Food safety certification.” FAO, 2006. Available online: ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/008/ag067e/ag067e00.pdf (accessed on 5 March 2010).
- “Information for primary producers.” FSA, 2010. Available online: http://www.food.gov.uk/foodindustry/regulation/hygleg/hygleginfo/primprodqanda/ (accessed on 5 April 2010).
- Jacques Trienekens, and Peter Zuurbier. “Quality and safety standards in the food industry, Developments and challenges.” Food Safety and Quality 113 (2008): 107–22. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- R. Cooter, and Rorie Fulton. “Food matters: Food safety research in the UK public sector, 1917–1990.” Food Industry Journal 4 (2001): 251–61. [Google Scholar]
- C.R. Whitney. “Food scandal adds to Belgium’s image of disarray.” New York Times. 9 June 1999. Available online: http://www.nytimes.com/1999/06/09/world/brussels-journal-food-scandal-adds-to-belgium-s-image-of-disarray.html?pagewanted=1 (accessed on 25 March 2010).
- Clephan M. Palmer. “A week that shook the meat industry: The effects on the UK beef industry of the BSE crisis.” British Food Journal 98 (1996): 17–25. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Peter Shears, Fran Zollers, and Sandy Hurd. “Food for thought: What mad cows have wrought with respect to food safety regulation in the EU and UK.” British Food Journal 103 (2001): 63–87. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- T.G. Knowles, D. Farrington, and S.C. Kestin. “Mercury in UK Imported Fish and Shellfish and UK-Farmed Fish and their Products.” Food Additives and Contaminants 20 (2003): 813–18. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Xiapfang Pei, Annuradha Tandon, Anton Alldrick, Liana Giorgi, Wei Huang, and Ruijia Yang. “The China melamine milk scandal and its implications for food safety regulation.” Food Policy 36 (2011): 412–20. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- CDC. “Multistate outbreak of salmonella infections associated with peanut butter and peanut butter-containing products—United States, 2008–2009.” Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 58 (2009): 1–6. [Google Scholar]
- FDA. “Foodborne outbreak potentially associated with papaya distributed by Agromod Produce, Inc, 2011. ” Available online: http://www.fda.gov/newsevents/newsroom/pressannouncements/ucm265166.htm (accessed on 20 August 2011).
- EFSA. “EFSA publishes report from its Task Force on the E. coli O104:H4 outbreaks in Germany and France in 2011 and makes further recommendations to protect consumers.” European Food Safety Authority. 5 July 2011. Available online: http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/press/news/110705.htm (accessed on 20 February 2012).
- Jean-Marie Codron, Eric Giraud-Héraud, and Louis-Georges Soler. “Minimum quality standards, premium private labels and European meat and fresh produce retailing.” Food Policy 30 (2005): 270–83. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Linda Fulponi. “Private voluntary standards in the food system: The perspective of major food retailers in OECD countries.” Food Policy 31 (2006): 1–13. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Spencer Henson, and Thomas Reardon. “Private agri-food standards: Implications for food policy and the agri-food system.” Food Policy 30 (2005): 241–53. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Steve Jaffee, and Oliver Masakure. “Strategic use of private standards to enhance international competitiveness: Vegetable exports from Kenya and elsewhere.” Food Policy 30 (2005): 316–33. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Denise Y. Mainville, Decio Zylbersztajn, Elizabeth M.M.Q. Farina, and Thomas Reardon. “Determinants of retailers’ decisions to use public or private grades and standards: Evidence from the fresh produce market of São Paulo, Brazil.” Food Policy 30 (2005): 334–53. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Okezie. I. Aruoma. “The impact of food regulation on the food supply chain.” Toxicology 221 (2006): 119–27. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Spencer Henson, and J. Humphrey. “The impacts of private food safety standards on the food chain and on public standard-setting processes.” Joint FAO/WHO Food Standards program, Codex Alimentarius Commission. Thirty-second session. Rome, Italy, 29 June–4 July 2009; Available online: ftp://ftp.fao.org/Codex/CAC/CAC32/al329Dbe.pdf (accessed on 16 March 2010).
- Gregory D. Orriss, and Anthony J. Whitehead. “Hazard analysis and critical control point (HACCP) as a part of an overall quality assurance system in international food trade.” Food Control 11 (2000): 345–51. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- E. Boutrif. “The new role of Codex Alimentarius in the context of WTO/SPS agreement.” Food Control 14 (2003): 81–88. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Elizabeth M.M.Q. Farina, and Thomas Reardon. “Agrifood grades and standards in the extended Mercosur: Their role in the changing agrifood system.” American Journal Agricultural Economy 82 (2000): 1170–76. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Steven Jaffee. “From challenge to opportunity: Transforming Kenya’s fresh vegetable trade in the context of emerging food safety and other standards in Europe.” Agricultural and Rural Development Discussion Paper 2. 2003, pp. 1–76. Available online: http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2005/01/24/000112742_20050124135734/Rendered/PDF/310100revised0ARD1DP11KE.pdf (accessed on 5 January 2013).
- I.S. Arvanitoyannis, and A. Kassaveti. “HACCP and ISO 22000—A comparison of the two systems.” In HACCP and ISO 22000: Application to Foods of Animal Origin. Edited by I.S. Arvanitoyannis. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell Limited, 2009, pp. 3–45. [Google Scholar]
- EUROPA. “Food Safety—from the farm to the fork.” Available online: http://ec.europa.eu/food/food/index_en.htm (accessed 5 March 2010).
- USDA. “United States Department of Agriculture Economic Research Service. Country-of-origin Labelling. ” Available online: http://www.ers.usda.gov/features/cool/ (accessed on 24 March 2010).
- Jill E. Hobbs, Andrew Fearne, and John Spriggs. “Incentive structures for food safety and quality assurance: An international comparison.” Food Control 13 (2002): 77–81. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Grace Chia-Hui Lee. “Private food standards and their impacts on developing countries.” European Commission DG Trade Unit G2. Available online: http://trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2006/november/tradoc_127969.pdf (accessed on 13 March 2010).
- Andrew Fearne. “The evolution of partnerships in the meat supply chain: Insights from the British beef industry.” Supply Chain Management: An International Journal 3 (1998): 214–31. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sencer Henson. “The role of public and private standards in regulating international food markets.” Journal of International Agricultural Trade Development 4 (2008): 63–81. [Google Scholar]
- David E. Bell, and Mary Shelman. “GlobalGAP: Food safety and private standards.” Harvard Business School. 5 January 2009. Available online: http://hbsp.harvard.edu/ (accessed on 13 September 2011).
- Philip Leat, Pamela Marr, and Ceri Ritchie. “Quality assurance and traceability—the Scottish agri-food industry’s quest for competitive advantage.” Supply Chain Management: An International Journal 3 (1998): 115–17. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Spencer Henson, Oliver Masakure, and David Boselie. “Private food safety and quality standards for fresh producer exporters: The case of Hortico Agri systems, Zimbabwe.” Food Policy 30 (2005): 371–84. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Thomas Reardon, and Julio A. Berdegué. “The rapid rise of supermarkets in Latin America: Challenges and opportunities for development.” Development Policy Review 20 (2002): 371–88. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Christine E. Boisrobert, L. Keener, and Huub L.M. Lelieveld. “The global harmonization initiative.” In Ensuring Global Food Safety: Exploring Global Harmonization. Edited by Christine E. Boisrobert, Aleksandra Stjepanovic, Sangsuk Oh and Huub L.M. Lelieveld. London: Academic Press, 2010, pp. 71–90. [Google Scholar]
- Thomas Reardon, Jean-Marie Codron, Lawrence Busch, James Bingen, and Craig Harris. “Global change in agrifood grades and standards: Agribusiness strategic responses in developing countries.” International Food and Agribusiness Management Review 2 (2001): 421–35. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- B.M.J. van der Meulen. “Development of food legislation around the world.” In Ensuring Global Food Safety: Exploring Global Harmonization. Edited by Christine E. Boisrobert, Aleksandra Stjepanovic, Sangsuk Oh and Huub L.M. Lelieveld. London: Academic Press, 2010, pp. 5–69. [Google Scholar]
- Daniele Giovannucci, and Thomas Reardon. “Understanding grades and standards—and how to apply them.” A Guide to Developing Agricultural Markets and Agro-enterprises; Edited by D. Giovannucci. Washington: The World Bank, 2001, pp. 1–16. Available online: http://mpra.ub.unimuenchen.de/13549/1/UNDERSTANDING_GRADES_AND_STANDARDS.pdf (accessed on 8 March 2010).
- R.N. Baines. “Quality and safety standards in food supply chains.” In Delivering Performance in Food Supply Chains. Edited by C. Mena and G. Stevens. Cambridge: Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2010, pp. 303–23. [Google Scholar]
- UNCTAD. “Challenges and opportunities arising from private standards on food safety and environment for exporters of fresh fruit and vegetables in Asia: Experiences of Malaysia, Thailand and Vietnam.” New York and Geneva: United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, 2007. Available online: http://www.unctad.org/en/docs/ditcted20076_en.pdf (accessed on 7 March 2010).
- Gary Gereffi, and Joonkoo Lee. “A global value chain approach to food safety and quality standards.” 2009, pp. 1–52. Available online: http://www.cggc.duke.edu/pdfs/GlobalHealth/Gereffi_Lee_GVCFoodSafetyl_4Feb2009.pdf (accessed on 9 March 2010).
- Freshcare. “Freshcare: The national on-farm assurance program.” The National On-Farm Assurance Program for the Australian Fresh Produce Industry. 2009. Available online: http://www.freshcare.com.au/ (accessed on 23 March 2010).
- New Zealand GAP. “New Zealand Good Agricultural Practices.” 2009. Available online: http://www.newzealandgap.co.nz/index.html (accessed on 23 March 2010).
- Spencer Henson, and James Northen. “Economic determinants of food safety controls in supply of retailer own-branded products in United Kingdom.” Agribusiness 14 (1998): 113–26. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Thomas Herzfeld, Larissa S. Drescher, and Carola Grebitus. “Cross-national adoption of private food quality standards.” Food Policy 36 (2011): 401–11. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- UNCTAD. “Food safety and environmental requirements in export markets—friend or foe for producers of fruit and vegetables in Asian developing countries.” United Nations Conference on Trade and Development; New York and Geneva, 2007. Available online: http://www.unctad.org/en/docs/ditcted20068_en.pdf (accessed on 17 March 2010).
- UNCTAD. “Private-sector standards and national schemes for Good Agricultural Practices: Implications for exports of fresh fruit and vegetables from sub-Saharan Africa.” Experiences of Ghana, Kenya and Uganda; Geneva: United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, 2008. Available online: http://www.unctad.org/trade_env/test1/publications/UNCTAD_DITC_TED_2007_13.pdf (accessed on 17 March 2010).
- Catherine Dolan, and John Humphrey. “Governance and trade in fresh vegetables: The impact of UK supermarkets on the African horticulture industry.” Journal of Development Studies 37 (2000): 147–76. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Andrew Graffham, Esther Karehu, and James MacGregor. “Impact of EurepGAP on small-scale vegetable growers in Kenya.” In Fresh Insights; 2007, 6, pp. 1–78. Available online: http://www.dfid.gov.uk/r4d/PDF/Outputs/EcoDev/60506fresh_insights_6_EurepGapKenya.pdf (accessed on 5 January 2013). [Google Scholar]
- The World Bank. “Food Safety and Agricultural Health Standards: Challenges and Opportunities for Developing Country Exports.” Report No. 31207; Washington, DC, USA: Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Trade Unit and Agriculture and Rural Development Department, 10 January 2005. Available online: http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTRANETTRADE/Resources/Topics/Standards/standards_challenges_synthesisreport.pdf (accessed on 17 March 2010).
- FSA. “Consumer attitudes to food standards: Wave 8.” In UK Report Final; 2008. Available online: http://www.food.gov.uk/multimedia/pdfs/cas2007ukreport.pdf (accessed on 31 January 2011). [Google Scholar]
- Linda Fulponi. “Private standards and the shaping of the agro-food system.” Regional Meeting on Agricultural Trade and Development in Southeast Asian Countries. 2005. Available online: http://www.adb.org/Documents/events/2005/atd/fulponi.pdf (accessed on 19 March 2010).
- Heather Pickett. “Supermarkets and farm animal welfare: Raising the standard.” A report for Compassion in World Farming Trust. 2006. Available online: http://www.ciwf.org.uk/includes/documents/cm_docs/2008/s/supermarketsurvey2005.pdf (accessed on 19 July 2011).
- Tom Fox, and Bill Vorley. “Stakeholder accountability in the UK supermarket sector. Final report of the ‘Race to the Top’ project.” International Institute for Environment and Development. 2004. Available online: http://www.racetothetop.org/documents/RTTT_final_report_full.pdf (accessed on 19 July 2011).
- James R. Northen. “Using farm assurance schemes to signal food safety to multiple food retailers in the U.K.” International Food Agribusiness Management Review 4 (2001): 37–50. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- J.M. Monaghan, D.J.I. Thomas, K. Goodburn, and M.L. Hutchison. “A review of the published literature describing foodborne illness outbreaks associated with ready to eat fresh produce and an overview of current UK fresh produce farming practices.” Food Standards Agency Project B17007. 2008, pp. 1–222. Available online: http://www.foodbase.org.uk/admintools/reportdocuments/340-1-596_B17007_Final_Published_Report.pdf (accessed on 5 January 2013).
- James M. Kingdom. “United Kingdom and European approach to fresh produce food safety and security.” HortTechnology 16 (2006): 559–62. [Google Scholar]
- Matthew Gorton, Vlade Zarić, Philip Lowe, and Steve Quarrie. “Public and private agri-environmental regulation in post-socialist economies: Evidence from the Serbian Fresh Fruit and Vegetable Sector.” Journal of Rural Studies 27 (2011): 144–52. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- “METRO tightens requirements on fruit/veg residues.” Planet Retail. 2007. Available online: http://www1.planetretail.net/ (accessed on 5 January 2013).
- A. Gulati, N. Minot, C. Delgado, and S. Bora. “Growth in high-value agriculture in Asia and the emergence of vertical links with farmers.” In Global Supply Chains, Standards and the Poor: How the Globalization of Food Systems and Standards Affects Rural Development and Poverty. Edited by J.F.M. Swinnen. Oxon: CABI, 2007, pp. 91–108. [Google Scholar]
- D.M. Julien. “Supplier safety assessment in the food supply chain.” In Delivering Performance in the Food Supply Chains. Edited by C. Mena and G. Stevens. Cambridge: Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2010, pp. 62–83. [Google Scholar]
- Spencer Henson, and Neal H. Hooker. “Private sector management of food safety: Public regulation and the role of private controls.” International Food and Agribusiness Management Review 4 (2001): 7–17. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- H. Lelieveld. “Progress with the global harmonization initiative.” Trends Food Science Technology 20 (2009): S15–S19. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kathleen Anne Lewis, John Tzilivakis, Andrew Green, Douglas Warner, and Adele Coles. “Farm assurance schemes: Can they improve farming standards? ” British Food Journal 110 (2008): 1088–105. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- R.N. Baines, and W.P. Davies. “Building trust through food assurance.” In Presented at the IAMA World Food and Agribusiness Congress, Building Trust in the Agro-Food System, Florence, Italy, June 1999; pp. 13–16.
- D. Hughes. Breaking with Tradition: Building Partnerships and Alliances in the European Food Industry. Ashford: Wye College, 1994. [Google Scholar]
- “BRC global standards.” BRC. 2011. Available online: http://www.brcdirectory.com (accessed on 18 July 2011).
- Maki Hatanaka, Carmen Bain, and Lawrence Busch. “Third-party certification in the global agrifoodsystem.” Food Policy 30 (2005): 354–69. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tetty Havinga. “Private regulation of food safety by supermarkets.” Law Policy 28 (2006): 515–33. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- L. Fulponi. “The globalization of private standards and the agri-food system.” In Global Supply Chains, Standards and the Poor: How the Globalization of Food Systems and Standards Affects Rural Development and Poverty. Edited by F.M. Johan. Oxon: CABI, 2007, pp. 5–18. [Google Scholar]
- H.R. Barrett, A.W. Browne, P.J.C. Harris, and K. Cadoret. “Organic certification and the UK market: Organic imports from developing countries.” Food Policy 27 (2002): 301–18. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- M.G. Martinez, and F. Bañados. “Impact of EU organic product certification legislation on Chile organic exports.” Food Policy 29 (2004): 1–14. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- OECD. “Working party on agricultural policies and markets.” Private standard schemes and developing country access to global value chains: Challenges and opportunities emerging from four case studies. Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. 2006, pp. 1–24. Available online: http://www.olis.oecd.org/ (accessed on 13 March 2010).
- M. Garcia Martinez, and N. Poole. “The development of private fresh produce safety standards: Implications for developing Mediterranean exporting countries.” Food Policy 29 (2004): 229–55. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Spencer Henson, and Steven Jaffee. “Food safety standards and trade: Enhancing competitiveness and avoiding exclusion of developing countries.” The Europe Journal Development Research 18 (2006): 593–621. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- P. Eijlander. “Possibilities and constraints in the use of self-regulation and co-regulation in legislative policy: Experience in The Netherlands—lessons to be learned for the EU? ” Electronic Journal of Comparative Law 9 (2005): 1. [Google Scholar]
- Paul Verbruggen. “Does Co-regulation strengthen EU legitimacy? ” European Law Journal 15 (2009): 425–41. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- M. Garcia Martinez, A. Fearne, J.A. Caswell, and S. Henson. “Co-regulation as a possible model for food safety governance: Opportunities for public-private partnerships.” Food Policy 32 (2007): 299–314. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- N. Gunningham, and J. Rees. “Industry self-regulation: An institutional perspective.” Law Policy. 19 (1997): 363–414. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Javier Núñez. “Can self-regulation work? A story of corruption, impunity and cover-up.” Journal of Regulatory Economics 31 (2007): 209–33. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- M. Fares, and E. Rouviere. “The implementation mechanisms of voluntary food safety systems.” Food Policy 35 (2010): 412–18. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- E. Rouvière, R. Soubeyran, and C. Bignebat. “Heterogeneous effort in voluntary programs on food safety: theory and evidence from the French import industry of fresh produce.” European Review of Agricultural Economics 37 (2010): 479–99. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- E. Rouvière, and J.A. Caswell. “From punishment to prevention: A French case study of the introduction of co-regulation in enforcing food safety.” Food Policy 37 (2012): 246–54. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- “Global Food Safety Initiative: Frequently asked questions.” GFSI. 2008. Available online: http://www.mygfsi.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=10&Itemid=57 (accessed on 10 March 2010).
- “GFSI Guidance Document.” GFSI, 2012, 6th ed. Available online: http://www.mygfsi.com/gfsifiles/GFSI_Guidance_Document_Sixth_Edition_Version_6.2.pdf (accessed on 5 January 2013).
- “GFSI recognized schemes, GFSI 2012.” Available online: http://www.mygfsi.com/about-gfsi/gfsi-recognised-schemes.html (accessed on 25 November 2012).
- “Private standards in the United States and European Union markets for fruit and vegetables.” Implications for developing countries; FAO, 2007. Available online: ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/010/a1245e/a1245e00.pdf (accessed 18 March 2010).
- J.J. McCluskey. “Public and private food quality standards: Recent trends and strategic incentives.” In Global Supply Chains, Standards and the Poor. How the Globalization of Food Systems and Standards Affects Rural Development and Poverty. Edited by Johan F. M. Swinnen. Oxon: CABI, 2007, pp. 19–24. [Google Scholar]
- Anne Rozan, Anne Stenger, and Marc Willinger. “Willingness-to-pay for food safety: An experimental investigation of quality certification on bidding behavior.” European Review of Agricultural Economics 31 (2004): 409–25. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lawrence Busch, and Carmen Bain. “New! Improved? The transformation of the global agrifood system.” Rural Sociology 69 (2004): 321–46. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- David L. Dickinson, and DeeVon Bailey. “Meat traceability: Are U.S. consumers willing to pay for it? ” Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics 27 (2002): 348–64. [Google Scholar]
- WHO. “Food safety.” Geneva: World Health Organization, 2012, Available online: http://www.who.int/foodsafety/en/ (accessed on 6 April 2012).
- Y. Motarjemi, M. van Schothorst, and F. Käferstein. “Future challenges in global harmonization of food safety legislation.” Food Control 12 (2001): 339–46. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
© 2013 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).
Share and Cite
Soon, J.M.; Baines, R.N. Public and Private Food Safety Standards: Facilitating or Frustrating Fresh Produce Growers? Laws 2013, 2, 1-19. https://doi.org/10.3390/laws2010001
Soon JM, Baines RN. Public and Private Food Safety Standards: Facilitating or Frustrating Fresh Produce Growers? Laws. 2013; 2(1):1-19. https://doi.org/10.3390/laws2010001
Chicago/Turabian StyleSoon, Jan Mei, and Richard N. Baines. 2013. "Public and Private Food Safety Standards: Facilitating or Frustrating Fresh Produce Growers?" Laws 2, no. 1: 1-19. https://doi.org/10.3390/laws2010001