The Interfacial Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Diffusion-Bonded Joints of 316L Stainless Steel and the 4J29 Kovar Alloy Using Nickel as an Interlayer
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials and Processing Parameters
2.2. Interface Microstructure Characterization
2.3. Evaluation of Mechanical Properties
3. Result and Discussion
3.1. Optical Microstructure
3.2. Element Distribution
3.3. Diffusion Coefficient
3.4. XRD Analysis
3.5. Hardness
3.6. Tensile Strength and Fracture Analysis
4. Conclusions
- The Ni interlayer can serve as an effective diffusion barrier for the bonding of stainless steel (316L) and the Kovar alloy (4J29). The composition of the joints was 316L/Ni s.s (Fe–Cr–Ni)/remnant Ni/Ni s.s (Fe–Co–Ni)/4J29.
- Growth of the diffusion layer was determined with the diffusion coefficient and activation energy, and the activation energy for the diffusion of Ni into 316L and 4J29 is 173.68 kJ/mol and 133.27 kJ/mol, respectively.
- At lower bonding temperatures and times, fracture takes place at the interface of the Ni–4J29 side due to insufficient bonding. After the width of the nickel solid solution (Fe–Co–Ni) increased, failure located at the 4J29 side and the fracture surface indicated a ductile nature. The highest tensile strength of 504.91 MPa with an elongation of 38.75% was obtained at 900 °C for 240 min.
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Mn | Si | C | Fe | Co | Ni | Cr | S | P | Mo | Alloy |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2.00 | 1.00 | 0.03 | Bal. | - | 11.05 | 18.17 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 2.00 | 316L |
0.4 | 0.2 | 0.02 | Bal. | 17.17 | 28.67 | - | 0.02 | 0.02 | - | 4J29 |
Alloy | Density (g/cm3) | Melting Point (°C) | Expansion Coefficient (10−6 K−1) | Ultimate Tensile Strength (MPa) |
---|---|---|---|---|
316L | 8.9 | 1375 | 16 | 573 |
4J29 | 8.1 | 1460 | 4.7 | 580 |
Sample (°C, min) | Diffusion of Ni into 316L | Diffusion of Ni into 4J29 |
---|---|---|
(×10−16 m2/s) | (×10−16 m2/s) | |
850, 120 | 2.03 | 2.37 |
900, 120 | 6.62 | 5.60 |
950, 120 | 9.23 | 7.58 |
Sample (°C, min) | Ultimate Tensile Strength (MPa) | Elongation (%) | Failure Location |
---|---|---|---|
850, 120 | 215.86 | 6 | Interface |
900, 120 | 451.99 | 25.55 | Interface/4J29 side |
950, 120 | 490.62 | 31.25 | 4J29 side |
900, 180 | 501.84 | 38.75 | 4J29 side |
900, 240 | 504.91 | 38.75 | 4J29 side |
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Song, T.; Jiang, X.; Shao, Z.; Mo, D.; Zhu, D.; Zhu, M. The Interfacial Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Diffusion-Bonded Joints of 316L Stainless Steel and the 4J29 Kovar Alloy Using Nickel as an Interlayer. Metals 2016, 6, 263. https://doi.org/10.3390/met6110263
Song T, Jiang X, Shao Z, Mo D, Zhu D, Zhu M. The Interfacial Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Diffusion-Bonded Joints of 316L Stainless Steel and the 4J29 Kovar Alloy Using Nickel as an Interlayer. Metals. 2016; 6(11):263. https://doi.org/10.3390/met6110263
Chicago/Turabian StyleSong, Tingfeng, Xiaosong Jiang, Zhenyi Shao, Defeng Mo, Degui Zhu, and Minhao Zhu. 2016. "The Interfacial Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Diffusion-Bonded Joints of 316L Stainless Steel and the 4J29 Kovar Alloy Using Nickel as an Interlayer" Metals 6, no. 11: 263. https://doi.org/10.3390/met6110263