Expression of Resistance in Amaranthus spp. (Caryophyllales: Amaranthaceae): Effects of Selected Accessions on the Behaviour and Biology of the Amaranth Leaf-Webber, Spoladea recurvalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Amaranth Accessions
2.2. Amaranth Leaf-Webber (Spoladea recurvalis F.) Colony
2.3. Choice Bioassay
2.4. No-Choice Bioassay
2.5. Effect of Accession on Weight Gain of Amaranth Leaf-Webber
2.6. Effects of Selected Amaranth Accessions on the Development of Amaranth Leaf-Webber and Adult Longevity
2.7. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Morphological Characteristics of Amaranth Accessions
3.2. Oviposition by S. recurvalis in Choice Situation
3.3. Oviposition by S. recurvalis in No-Choice Condition
3.4. Weight Gain by Larvae of S. recurvalis after 48 h of Feeding on the Selected Amaranth Accessions
3.5. Development Time of S. recurvalis on the Selected Amaranth Accessions
3.6. Mortality Rates and Instantaneous Rate of Increase of S. recurvalis on Selected Amaranth Accessions
3.7. Adult Longevity, Fecundity, Egg Viability and Sex Ratios of S. recurvalis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Gene Bank Code | Species | Type | Leaf Colour | Leaf Shape | Country of Origin | Number of Branches per Plant (mean) | Plant Height (mean) cm | Leaf Width (mean) cm | Leaf Length (mean) cm | Petiole Length (mean) cm |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
VI033482 * | A. tricolor L. | Accession | Green | Reniform | Malaysia | 9.0 | 100.9 | 10.6 | 19.3 | 5.0 |
RVI00002 | A. cruentus L. | Line | Green | Ovate | Zambia | 12.5 | 122.6 | 6.6 | 16.5 | 10.2 |
RVI00005 | A. dubius Mart. | Line | Light reddish | Ovate | Tanzania | 12.2 | 140.3 | 6.0 | 12.5 | 7.6 |
RVI00027 | Amaranthus sp. 1 | Line | Green | Ovate | Malawi | 7.3 | 96.3 | 6.2 | 11.1 | 7.8 |
RVI00053 | A. dubius Mart. | Line | Green | Ovate | Uganda | 11.0 | 167.0 | 8.7 | 15.6 | 8.0 |
VI033477 | Amaranthus sp. 2 | Accession | Reddish | Ovate | Malaysia | 9.2 | 99.7 | 7.9 | 12.3 | 5.2 |
VI033479 | Amaranthus sp. 3 | Accession | Green | Ovate | Malaysia | 11.3 | 100.8 | 4.9 | 7.6 | 4.2 |
VI033487 | A. cruentus L. | Accession | Green | Reniform | Malaysia | 13.5 | 128.7 | 5.6 | 7.7 | 6.6 |
VI036225 | A. graecizans L. | Accession | Green | Ovate | Hungary | 15.4 | 77.2 | 1.6 | 3.2 | 2.3 |
VI036227 | A. blitoides Watson | Accession | Green | Oblanceolate | Hungary | 15.8 | 67.4 | 1.2 | 3.2 | 1.6 |
VI044367 | A. cruentus L. | Accession | Green | Lanceolate | Tanzania | 9.1 | 123.5 | 5.8 | 13.7 | 10.2 |
VI044369 | A. hypochondriacus L. | Accession | Green | Lanceolate | Ghana | 13.7 | 129.0 | 6.1 | 17.0 | 9.2 |
VI044388 | A. graecizans L. | Accession | Green | Oblanceolate | India | 14.6 | 89.8 | 2.3 | 4.3 | 2.5 |
VI044432 | A. viridis L. | Accession | Green | Cordate | Indonesia | 11.0 | 102.9 | 4.5 | 6.9 | 4.0 |
VI044437-A | A. cruentus L. | Accession | Green | Lanceolate | Malaysia | 11.5 | 89.5 | 5.5 | 13.0 | 7.2 |
VI044473 | A. palmeri Watson | Accession | Green | Obovate | Senegal | 9.0 | 80.1 | 2.2 | 4.4 | 2.4 |
VI046233-A | Amaranthus sp. 4 | Accession | Reddish | Lanceolate | Vietnam | 8.0 | 142.1 | 6.8 | 17.0 | 10.6 |
VI047517-B | A. tricolor L. | Accession | Green | Ovate | Bangladesh | 12.9 | 119.8 | 8.1 | 15.9 | 7.7 |
VI047555-B | A. tricolor L. | Accession | Green | Lanceolate | Vietnam | 10.9 | 135.6 | 4.5 | 13.4 | 4.8 |
VI048076 | A. tricolor L. | Accession | Green | Cordate | Bangladesh | 13.1 | 130.1 | 8.0 | 13.5 | 7.1 |
VI048864-A | A. viridis L. | Accession | Green | Cordate | Thailand | 10.2 | 95.1 | 4.1 | 5.8 | 3.6 |
VI048919 | Amaranthus sp. 5 | Accession | Green | Ovate | Thailand | 11.6 | 126.1 | 3.7 | 7.0 | 4.3 |
VI049242 | Amaranthus sp. 6 | Accession | Green | Ovate | Thailand | 11.6 | 87.8 | 4.4 | 5.8 | 3.7 |
VI049502 | Amaranthus sp. 7 | Accession | Green | Cordate | Thailand | 10.0 | 103.1 | 4.7 | 6.8 | 4.1 |
VI049504 | Amaranthus sp. 8 | Accession | Green | Lanceolate | Thailand | 12.1 | 134.2 | 3.0 | 6.6 | 3.2 |
VI049530 | Amaranthus sp. 9 | Accession | Green | Ovate | Thailand | 10.4 | 89.2 | 4.3 | 6.4 | 3.9 |
VI049639 | A. viridis L. | Accession | Green | Ovate | Thailand | 11.3 | 91.7 | 4.2 | 6.1 | 3.5 |
VI049698 | A. viridis L. | Accession | Green | Ovate | Thailand | 12.4 | 100.5 | 3.9 | 5.5 | 3.4 |
VI050609-A | A. tricolor L. | Accession | Variegated | Cordate | Vietnam | 9.8 | 129.1 | 9.2 | 11.7 | 6.8 |
VI050609-B | A. tricolor L | Accession | Variegated | Ovate | Vietnam | 8.5 | 140.9 | 9.6 | 15.0 | 6.1 |
VI054569 | A. gracilis Desf. | Accession | Green | Ovate | Philippines | 11.0 | 95.1 | 4.5 | 7.2 | 3.9 |
VI054798 | Amaranthus sp. 10 | Accession | Green | Ovate | Lao PDR | 12.4 | 89.3 | 4.1 | 6.2 | 3.3 |
VI055127 | A. viridis L. | Accession | Green | Ovate | Malaysia | 11.4 | 108.1 | 5.6 | 10.3 | 6.6 |
VI055128 | A. viridis L. | Accession | Green | Cordate | Malaysia | 10.7 | 123.4 | 5.0 | 7.0 | 3.9 |
VI055135 | A. viridis L | Accession | Green | Cordate | Malaysia | 10.8 | 92.0 | 5.0 | 7.2 | 4.1 |
VI056563 | Amaranthus sp. 11 | Accession | Reddish | Ovate | Bangladesh | 9.7 | 136.9 | 9.0 | 17.1 | 8.3 |
Mean | 11.2 | 110.7 | 5.5 | 10.0 | 5.5 | |||||
p-value | 0.053 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||||
LSD (5%) | 4.38 | 26.74 | 1.4 | 3.69 | 2.33 |
Set-up A | Set-up B | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gene Bank Code | Number of Eggs | Relative Risk | Gene Bank Code | Number of Eggs | Relative Risk |
VI033482 * | 25.67 ± 7.62a | VI033482* | 29.00 ± 7.95b | ||
VI033487 | 11.33 ± 4.57b | 0.44 | VI048919 | 40.20 ± 16.41a | 1.39 |
VI044388 | 10.00 ± 2.92bc | 0.39 | VI050609-B | 34.67 ± 9.47ab | 1.2 |
VI036227 | 8.83 ± 3.93bcd | 0.34 | VI033477 | 15.00 ± 4.87c | 0.52 |
RVI00027 | 7.33 ± 2.85be | 0.29 | VI049504 | 11.40 ± 6.21cd | 0.39 |
RVI00005 | 6.17 ± 2.30cf | 0.24 | VI047517-B | 9.83 ± 4.48cde | 0.34 |
VI048076 | 6.17 ± 1.64cf | 0.24 | VI056563 | 9.83 ± 3.51cde | 0.34 |
VI049639 | 4.33 ± 1.74def | 0.17 | VI055127 | 6.00 ± 3.04def | 0.21 |
RVI00002 | 4.00 ± 2.08ef | 0.16 | VI046233-A | 6.17 ± 3.82def | 0.21 |
RVI00053 | 3.83 ± 1.70ef | 0.15 | VI049530 | 6.67 ± 3.48def | 0.23 |
VI036225 | 3.67 ± 2.01ef | 0.14 | VI050609-A | 6.67 ± 2.89def | 0.23 |
VI044473 | 3.33 ± 1.54ef | 0.13 | VI047555-B | 3.67 ± 1.87ef | 0.13 |
VI044369 | 3.20 ± 2.03ef | 0.12 | VI055128 | 3.50 ± 2.05ef | 0.12 |
VI044367 | 2.83 ± 0.83ef | 0.11 | VI054798 | 2.83 ± 2.46f | 0.1 |
VI044437-A | 2.40 ± 1.03ef | 0.09 | VI055135 | 2.50 ± 0.92f | 0.09 |
VI049698 | 2.33 ± 0.56f | 0.09 | VI048864-A | 2.33 ± 1.76f | 0.08 |
VI044432 | 1.50 ± 0.56f | 0.06 | VI033479 | 2.17 ± 1.78f | 0.07 |
VI054569 | 1.50 ± 0.85f | 0.06 | VI049242 | 2.17 ± 1.17f | 0.07 |
VI049502 | 1.50 ± 0.81f | 0.05 |
Gene Bank Code | No Choice | Relative Risk | Choice | Relative Risk | χ2 | df | p Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
VI033482 * | 59.63 ± 10.49eA | - | 21.58 ± 5.30dB | - | 127.96 | 1 | <0.001 |
RVI00053 | 30.00 ± 6.52bcA | 0.50 | 3.83 ± 1.70abB | 0.18 | 183.54 | 1 | <0.001 |
VI036227 | 40.20 ± 10.24cdA | 0.67 | 8.83 ± 3.93cB | 0.41 | 170.15 | 1 | <0.001 |
VI044437-A | 29.33 ± 10.24bA | 0.49 | 2.40 ± 1.03abB | 0.11 | 282.65 | 1 | <0.001 |
VI047555-B | 29.40 ± 10.27bcA | 0.49 | 3.67 ± 1.87abB | 0.17 | 181.96 | 1 | <0.001 |
VI048076 | 18.50 ± 6.63aA | 0.31 | 6.17 ± 1.64bcB | 0.29 | 72.01 | 1 | <0.001 |
VI049698 | 42.80 ± 18.14dA | 0.72 | 2.33 ± 0.56aB | 0.11 | 347.38 | 1 | <0.001 |
VI056563 | 37.20 ± 5.54bcdA | 0.62 | 9.83 ± 3.51cB | 0.46 | 129.6 | 1 | <0.001 |
χ2 =192.75 | χ2 =281.29 | ||||||
df = 7, 37 | df = 7, 45 | ||||||
p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 |
Gene Bank Code | Larval Development Time | Pupal Development Time | Total Development Time | Early Stage Larval Mortality (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
VI033482 * | 13.43 ± 0.30a | 7.45 ± 0.69a | 20.00 ± 0.8a | 8.0 ± 3.27bc |
RVI00053 | 13.45 ± 0.37a | 6.60 ± 0.34a | 18.60 ± 0.45a | 4.0 ± 0.51c |
VI033479 | 13.24 ± 0.23a | 6.11 ± 0.35a | 18.67 ± 0.44a | 8.0 ± 3.27bc |
VI036227 | NA | NA | NA | 100.0 ± 0.0a |
VI044437-A | 13.29 ± 0.29a | 5.86 ± 0.17a | 18.82 ± 0.28a | 14.0 ± 5.21bc |
VI047555-B | 13.77 ± 0.36a | 6.16 ± 0.21a | 19.11 ± 0.24a | 24.0 ± 6.53bc |
VI048076 | 13.77 ± 0.43a | 6.20 ± 0.43a | 19.00 ± 0.45a | 22.0 ± 7.57bc |
VI049698 | 13.23 ± 0.30a | 6.43 ± 0.39a | 19.24 ± 0.36a | 12.0 ± 6.11bc |
VI056563 | 14.00 ± 0.56a | 6.63 ± 0.42a | 19.75 ± 0.53a | 34.0 ± 11.57b |
χ2 = 1.066 | χ2 = 3.348 | χ2 = 1.042 | F = 12.22 | |
df = 7, 228 | df = 7, 112 | df = 7, 112 | df = 8, 81 | |
p = 0.994 | p = 0.851 | p = 0.994 | p < 0.001 |
Gene Bank Code | Adult Longevity (Days) | Odds Ratio | Egg Viability (%) | Fecundity/Female at 4-d-old | Proportion of Females (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
VI047555-B | 8.70 ± 0.61a | 0.9 | 91.25 ± 1.93a | 13.06 ± 1.20ab | 51.79 ± 7.03a |
VI033482 * | 9.69 ± 0.85ab | 95.49 ± 1.50a | 22.67 ± 3.67a | 59.17 ± 8.86a | |
VI044437-A | 10.85 ± 0.52b | 1.12 | 97.79 ± 3.13a | 11.09 ± 0.80b | 44.97 ± 8.01a |
VI033479 | 10.85 ± 0.85b | 1.12 | 97.62 ± 1.61a | 10.97 ± 1.71b | 45.49 ± 4.51a |
RVI00053 | 11.00 ± 0.79bc | 1.14 | 97.53 ± 1.51a | 13.40 ± 1.74ab | 66.91 ± 8.09a |
VI049698 | 11.22 ± 0.49bc | 1.16 | 96.25 ± 2.33a | 23.75 ± 3.50a | 46.03 ± 6.31a |
VI056563 | 12.63 ± 0.82cd | 1.3 | 95.90 ± 4.10a | 14.67 ± 5.67ab | 49.77 ± 5.83a |
VI048076 | 14.25 ± 0.82d | 1.47 | 94.66 ± 2.59a | 8.50 ± 0.74b | 56.76 ± 13.44a |
p < 0.001 | p = 0.527 | p = 0.002 | p = 0.638 | ||
df = 7, 380 | df = 7, 32 | df = 7,14 | df = 7,25 | ||
χ2 = 92.51 | F = 0.89 | F = 6.07 | F = 0.74 |
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Othim, S.T.O.; Ramasamy, S.; Kahuthia-Gathu, R.; Dubois, T.; Ekesi, S.; Fiaboe, K.K.M. Expression of Resistance in Amaranthus spp. (Caryophyllales: Amaranthaceae): Effects of Selected Accessions on the Behaviour and Biology of the Amaranth Leaf-Webber, Spoladea recurvalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). Insects 2018, 9, 62. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects9020062
Othim STO, Ramasamy S, Kahuthia-Gathu R, Dubois T, Ekesi S, Fiaboe KKM. Expression of Resistance in Amaranthus spp. (Caryophyllales: Amaranthaceae): Effects of Selected Accessions on the Behaviour and Biology of the Amaranth Leaf-Webber, Spoladea recurvalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). Insects. 2018; 9(2):62. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects9020062
Chicago/Turabian StyleOthim, Stephen T. O., Srinivasan Ramasamy, Ruth Kahuthia-Gathu, Thomas Dubois, Sunday Ekesi, and Komi K. M. Fiaboe. 2018. "Expression of Resistance in Amaranthus spp. (Caryophyllales: Amaranthaceae): Effects of Selected Accessions on the Behaviour and Biology of the Amaranth Leaf-Webber, Spoladea recurvalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)" Insects 9, no. 2: 62. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects9020062