The First Finding of Six Instars of Larvae in Heteroptera and the Negative Correlation between Precipitation and Number of Individuals Collected in Sea Skaters of Halobates (Heteroptera: Gerridae)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Samplings
2.2. Treatments of Specimens after the Samplings
2.3. Measurement of Body Sizes
2.4. Statistic Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Distribution
3.2. Body Sizes
4. Discussion
4.1. Distribution
4.2. Larval Development of Larvae of Sea Skaters
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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A. MR15-04: Eastern Tropical Indian Ocean (this cruise) | ||||||||
1. 06°56′–06°58′ S 102°53′–102°54′ E (Station 1) | ||||||||
Total | H. m. | H. g. | H. s. | H. p. | H. sp. | AS # | ||
Larvae | Adults | |||||||
Number | 29 | 17 | 0 | 46 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.00744055 |
Density | 3897.6 | 2284.8 | 0 | 6182.3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | − |
2. 04°02′–04°06′ S 101°52–101°55′ E (Stations 2–9) | ||||||||
Total | H. m. | H. g. | H. s. | H. p. | H. sp. | AS # | ||
Larvae | Adults | − | ||||||
Number | 358 | 355 | 23 | 621 | 0 | 1 | 68 | 0.03072667 |
Density | 11,651.1 | 11,553.5 | 748.5 | 20,210.5 | 0 | 32.5 | 2,213.1 | − |
B. KH-07-04-Leg 1: Eastern Tropical Indian Ocean, 8°00′ N–6°35′ S, 86°00′ E–76°36′ E [7,8] | ||||||||
Total | H. m. | H. g. | H. s. | H. p. | H. sp. | AS # | ||
Larvae | Adults | |||||||
Number | 1219 | 706 | 1886 | 111 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.044292 |
Density | 29,147.5 | 15,939.7 | 42,581.1 | 2,506.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | − |
C. MR11-07-Leg 1: Eastern Tropical Indian Ocean, 1°55′ S, 83°24′ E; 8°00′ S, 80°30′ E) [9] | ||||||||
Total | H. m. | H. g. | H. s. | H. p. | H. sp. | AS # | ||
Larvae | Adults | − | ||||||
Number | 551 | 255 | 697 | 109 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.0438607 |
Density | 12,562.5 | 5,813.9 | 15,891.2 | 2,485.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
D. MR12-05-Leg 1 (Stations 1, 2 and 3): Western Subtropical and Tropical Pacific Ocean [5] | ||||||||
Total | H. m. | H. g. | H. s. | H. p. | H. sp. | AS # | ||
Larvae | Adults | |||||||
1. 13°59′ N 149°16′ E | ||||||||
Number | 44 | 73 | 43 | 0 | 74 | 0 | 0 | 0.0061659 |
Density | 7136.0 | 11,839.3 | 6973.8 | 0 | 12,001.5 | 0 | 0 | − |
2. 1°55′ N 150°31′ E | ||||||||
Number | 66 | 379 | 8 | 437 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.0043914 |
Density | 15,029.4 | 86,305.1 | 1821.7 | 99,512.7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | − |
3. 26°55′ S 165°34′ E | ||||||||
Number | 71 | 183 | 0 | 0 | 254 | 0 | 0 | 0.0066742 |
Density | 10,638.0 | 27,419.0 | 0 | 0 | 38,057.0 | 0 | 0 | − |
E. MR13-03 (Stations 1–10): Western Subtropical and Tropical Pacific Ocean [10] | ||||||||
Total | H. m. | H. g. | H. s. | H. p. | H. sp. | AS # | ||
Larvae | Adults | |||||||
1. 24°00′ N 138°10′ E (Station 1) | ||||||||
Number | 179 | 126 | 6 | 0 | 299 | 0 | 0 | 0.0031594 |
Density | 56,656.5 | 39,881.1 | 1899.1 | 0 | 94,638.5 | 0 | 0 | − |
2. 1°55′ N 150°31′ E | ||||||||
Number | 484 | 119 | 276 | 327 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.02802519 |
Density | 17,270.2 | 4246.2 | 9848.3 | 11,688.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | − |
F. KH-14-02 (Stations A and B): Western Subtropical and Tropical Pacific Ocean [11] | ||||||||
Total | H. m. | H. g. | H. s. | H. p. | H. sp. | AS # | ||
Larvae | Adults | |||||||
1. Northern Station at 47°00′ N 160°00′ N | ||||||||
Number | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.0126451 |
Density | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | − |
2. Southern Station at 25°00′ N 160°00′ E | ||||||||
Number | 593 | 254 | 0 | 847 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.0162708 |
Density | 36,445.7 | 15,610.8 | 0 | 52,056.4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | − |
G. MR14-06 leg 2: Western Tropical Pacific Ocean (10°00′ N–05°00′ S 130°00′ E–160°00′ E) [12] | ||||||||
Total | H. m. | H. g. | H. s. | H. p. | H. sp. | AS # | ||
Larvae | Adults | |||||||
Number | 266 | 367 | 112 | 521 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.03036016 |
Density | 8,761.5 | 12,088.2 | 3,689.0 | 17,160.6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | − |
Latitude | Longitude | N | L | A | H. g. | H. sp. | H. p. | EG | E | Stat | WT | AT | WS | W | CS | Salinity (‰) | CD | TD | Date | S | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
F | M | ||||||||||||||||||||
06°56′ S | 102°53′ E | 7 | 4 | 1 | 2 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | St.1-1 | 28.7 | 28.9 | 10.3 | Cloudy | 1.0 | 31 | 151 | 19:22–19:37 | 20 November | 1,991.0 |
06°57′ S | 102°54′ E | 17 | 11 | 5 | 1 | 17 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | St.1-2 | 28.7 | 28.9 | 8.9 | Cloudy | 1.0 | 31 | 145 | 19:45–20:00 | 20 November | 1,929.5 |
06°58′ S | 102°54′ E | 22 | 14 | 4 | 4 | 22 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | St.1-3 | 28.7 | 28.9 | 11.2 | Cloudy | 1.1 | 31 | 141 | 20:02–20:17 | 20 November | 1,803.0 |
04°05′ S | 101°56′ E | 14 | 9 | 3 | 2 | 5 | 9 | 0 | 0 | 0 | St.2-1 | 29.9 | 28.2 | 5.9 | R/C | 0.7 | 28.9 | 122 | 19:16–19:31 | 23 November | 1,955.0 |
04°05′ S | 101°55′ E | 9 | 6 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | St.2-2 | 29.9 | 28.2 | 5.3 | Cloudy | 0.6 | 28.9 | 115 | 19:36–19:51 | 23 November | 1,754.0 |
04°06′ S | 101°55′ E | 8 | 5 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | St.2-3 | 29.9 | 28.2 | 6.3 | Cloudy | 0.6 | 28.9 | 119 | 19:56–20:11 | 23 November | 1,712.0 |
04°04′ S | 101°53′ E | 10 | 6 | 2 | 2 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | St.3-1 | 29.3 | 28.2 | 6.3 | Cloudy | 0.4 | 30.0 | 219 | 19:12–19:27 | 26 November | 964.5 |
04°03′ S | 101°53′ E | 6 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | St.3-2 | 29.3 | 28.2 | 5.5 | Cloud | 0.4 | 30.0 | 196 | 19:32–19:47 | 26 November | 956.0 |
04°02′ S | 101°53′ E | 8 | 3 | 5 | 0 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | St.3-3 | 29.3 | 28.2 | 5.4 | Cloudy | 0.4 | 30.0 | 190 | 19:53–20:08 | 26 November | 891.5 |
04°04′ S | 101°53′ E | 39 | 19 | 9 | 11 | 39 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | St.4-1 | 29.3 | 29.5 | 5.7 | Cloudy | 0.2 | 28.5 | 242 | 19:08–19:23 | 29 November | 1,831.0 |
04°05′ S | 101°53′ E | 27 | 16 | 9 | 2 | 27 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | St.4-2 | 29.3 | 29.5 | 4.4 | Cloudy | 0.1 | 28.5 | 227 | 19:28–19:43 | 29 November | 1,822.0 |
04°05′ S | 101°52′ E | 13 | 6 | 3 | 4 | 13 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | St.4-3 | 29.3 | 29.5 | 3.9 | Cloudy | 0.1 | 28.5 | 265 | 19:48–20:03 | 29 November | 1,693.0 |
04°03′ S | 101′53′ E | 16 | 3 | 9 | 4 | 16 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | St.5-1 | 29.6 | 28.8 | 3.3 | Cloudy | 0.1 | 28.9 | 66 | 19:41–19:56 | 2 December | 799.0 |
04°03′ S | 101°53′ E | 30 | 18 | 3 | 9 | 30 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | St.5-2 | 29.6 | 28.8 | 1.2 | Cloudy | 0.0 | 28.9 | 105 | 20:05–20:20 | 2 December | 733.0 |
04°03′ S | 101°53′ E | 14 | 1 | 6 | 7 | 13 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | St.5-3 | 29.6 | 28.8 | 3.4 | Cloudy | 0.1 | 28.9 | 136 | 20:25–20:40 | 2 December | 784.0 |
04°04′ S | 101°53′ E | 37 | 24 | 7 | 6 | 37 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 | St.6-1 | 29 | 28.2 | 3.5 | Cloudy | 0.4 | 30.1 | 132 | 19:34–19:49 | 5 December | 634.0 |
04°03′ S | 101°53′ E | 30 | 18 | 8 | 4 | 28 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 27 | St.6-2 | 29 | 28.2 | 3.9 | Cloudy | 0.4 | 30.1 | 125 | 19:55–20:10 | 5 December | 596.5 |
04°03′ S | 101°52′ E | 46 | 33 | 10 | 3 | 46 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 17 | St.6-3 | 29 | 28.2 | 2.6 | Cloudy | 0.3 | 30.1 | 129 | 20:15–20:30 | 5 December | 612.8 |
04°04′ S | 101°53′ E | 90 | 34 | 25 | 31 | 74 | 16 | 0 | 0 | 1 | St.7-1 | 29.7 | 28.7 | 3.7 | Cloudy | 0.7 | 27.6 | 140 | 19:14–19:29 | 8 December | 467.5 |
04°04′ S | 101°53′ E | 131 | 55 | 44 | 32 | 116 | 15 | 0 | 0 | 0 | St.7-2 | 29.7 | 28.7 | 3.4 | Cloudy | 0.7 | 27.6 | 136 | 19:33–19:48 | 8 December | 485.1 |
04°05′ S | 101°54′ E | 109 | 63 | 24 | 22 | 71 | 38 | 0 | 0 | 0 | St.7-3 | 29.7 | 28.7 | 3.1 | Cloudy | 0.7 | 27.6 | 136 | 19: 52–20:07 | 8 December | 466.0 |
04°04′ S | 101°53′ E | 2 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | St.8-1 | 30.3 | 30.0 | 2.9 | Cloudy | 0.3 | 27.7 | 126 | 19:07–19:22 | 11 December | 725.0 |
04°04′ S | 101°52′ E | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | St.8-2 | 30.3 | 30.0 | 2.2 | Cloudy | 0.3 | 27.7 | 117 | 19:26–19:41 | 11 December | 816.0 |
04°04′ S | 101°52′ E | 6 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 5 | 1 | 0 | 3 (H. sp.) | 0 | St.8-3 | 30.3 | 30.0 | 3.9 | Cloudy | 0.3 | 27.7 | 107 | 19:46–20:01 | 11 December | 762.5 |
04°03′S | 101°53′ E | 31 | 14 | 11 | 6 | 20 | 11 (H. m.) | 0 | 0 | 0 | St.9-1 | 29.2 | 27.7 | 4.0 | Rainy | 0.6 | 31.0 | 119 | 19:05–19:20 | 14 December | 794.0 |
04°02′S | 101°53′ E | 23 | 12 | 6 | 5 | 17 | 6 (H. m.) | 0 | 0 | 0 | St.9-2 | 29.2 | 27.7 | 4.6 | Rainy | 0.5 | 31.0 | 122 | 19:26–19:41 | 14 December | 710.5 |
04°02′S | 101°53′ E | 1 0 | 3 | 4 | 3 | 4 | 6 (H. m.) | 0 | 1 | 0 | St.9-3 | 29.2 | 27.7 | 5.1 | Rainy | 0.4 | 31.0 | 120 | 19:46–20:01 | 14 December | 671.0 |
Halobates germanus (Figure 1) | ||||||||
0th | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 4th | 5th | Adults | ||
Females | Males | |||||||
Body length | 20.35 ± 4.17 | 32.58 ± 4.87 | 42.67 ± 5.71 | 55.89 ± 7.85 | 72.67 ± 9.87 | 99.52 ± 7.70 | 113.34 ± 6.95 | 117.70 ± 4.41 |
(17) | (62) | (38) | (35) | (35) | (63) | (176) | (140) | |
Body width | 11.44 ± 2.96 | 17.97 ± 2.90 | 22.91 ± 2.88 | 28.76 ± 4.05 | 35.97 ± 4.27 | 48.16 ± 3.59 | 60.66 ± 2.30 | 52.58 ± 1.69 |
(16) | (62) | (38) | (35) | (36) | (64) | (173) | (141) | |
Head width | 8.25 ± 1.38 | 13.36 ± 2.00 | 17.53 ± 2.36 | 22.36 ± 3.25 | 28.49 ± 3.16 | 36.43 ± 1.49 | 41.28 ± 1.15 | 40.44 ± 1.07 |
(16) | (62) | (38) | (35) | (36) | (64) | (173) | (141) | |
Halobates sp (Figure 2 and Figure 3) | ||||||||
0th | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 4th | 5th | Adults | ||
Females | Females | |||||||
Body length | 24.43 ± 2.66 | 35.53 ± 5.72 | 48.81 ± 5.19 | 68.19 ± 6.04 | 89.82 ± 16.11 | 142.36 ± 10.73 | 151.20 ± 17.15 | 161.75 ± 14.97 |
(20) | (23) | (13) | (9) | (11) | (11) | (5) | (4) | |
Body width | 11.40 ± 1.42 | 18.15 ± 3.95 | 27.08 ± 2.85 | 31.33 ± 2.35 | 37.46 ± 5.75 | 53.00 ± 6.69 | 67.00 ± 3.16 | 60.25 ± 9.54 |
(20) | (23) | (13) | (9) | (11) | (11) | (5) | (4) | |
Head width | 8.24 ± 1.44 | 14.15 ± 2.74 | 20.69 ± 2.18 | 27.56 ± 1.63 | 32.41 ± 3.61 | 42.27 ± 5.02 | 46.80 ± 0.57 | 46.63 ± 2.63 |
(20) | (23) | (13) | (9) | (11) | (11) | (5) | (4) | |
Halobates micans | ||||||||
0th | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 4th | 5th | Adults | ||
Females | Males | |||||||
Body length | 29.00 ± 8.49 | 33.50 ± 5.96 | 59.67 ± 7.64 | 72.70 ± 2.59 | - | 113.21 ± 16.49 | 114.50 ± 8.43 | 121.25 ± 10.84 |
(2) | (4) | (3) | (5) | (17) | (11) | (6) | ||
Body width | 14.50 ± 7.78 | 17.25 ± 4.72 | 29.00 ± 1.73 | 42.00 ± 2.74 | - | 52.36 ± 4.40 | 65.36 ± 2.25 | 60.67 ± 1.21 |
(2) | (4) | (3) | (5) | (17) | (11) | (6) | ||
Head width | 10.75 ± 6.01 | 13.25 ± 3.59 | 24.67 ± 1.53 | 31.50 ± 1.00 | - | 40.29 ± 1.52 | 43.18 ± 0.78 | 42.50 ± 1.48 |
(2) | (4) | (3) | (5) | (17) | (11) | (6) | ||
Halobates princeps | ||||||||
0th | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 4th | 5th | Adults | ||
Females | Females | |||||||
Body length | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 191.00 |
(1) | ||||||||
Body width | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 70.00 |
(1) | ||||||||
Head width | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 55.00 |
(1) |
ANCOVA (effects of species with covariance of stages) | |||||||||
Body length | Body Width | Head Widt | |||||||
df | 3 | 3 | 3 | ||||||
F | 93.312 | 29.003 | 84.787 | ||||||
p | <0.001 *** | <0.001 *** | <0.001 *** | ||||||
ANOVA (effects of species in each stage) | |||||||||
A. Body length | |||||||||
Larvae | Adults | ||||||||
0th | 1th | 2th | 3th | 4th | 5th | Females | Males | ||
df | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | |
F | 8.590 | 2.75 | 16.093 | 19.059 | 18.323 | 105.947 | 63.291 | 157.468 | |
p | 0.001 | 0.069 | <0.0001 *** | <0.001 *** | <0.001 *** | <0.001 *** | <0.001 *** | <0.001 *** | |
B. Body width | |||||||||
Larvae | Adults | ||||||||
0th | 1th | 2th | 3th | 4th | 5th | Females | Males | ||
df | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 | |
F | 1.370 | 0.131 | 14.916 | 28.111 | 0.826 | 8.835 | 37.540 | 62.841 | |
p | 0.877 | <0.001 *** | <0.001 *** | <0.001 *** | 0.369 | <0.001 *** | <0.001 *** | <0.001 *** | |
C. Head width | |||||||||
Larvae | Adults | ||||||||
0th | 1th | 2th | 3th | 4th | 5th | Females | Males | ||
df | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 32000 | |
F | 2.001 | 1.069 | 20.134 | 29.104 | 12.083 | 36.868 | 71.326 | 95.374 |
A. Body Length | ||||||||
Larvae | Adults | |||||||
0th | 1th | 2th | 3th | 4th | 5th | Females | Males | |
z | −0.804 | −0.581 | −2.225 | −2.002 | - | −2.993 | −3.118 | −2.566 |
p | 0.441 | 0.561 | 0.026 * | 0.045 * | - | 0.003 ** | 0.002 ** | 0.010 * |
B. Body Width | ||||||||
Larvae | Adults | |||||||
0th | 1th | 2th | 3th | 4th | 5th | Females | Males | |
z | −0.058 | −0.206 | −1.290 | −3.003 | - | −1.003 | −0.668 | −1.320 |
p | −0.954 | 0.837 | 0.239 | 0.003 ** | - | 0.316 | 0.491 | 0.187 |
C. Head Width | ||||||||
Larvae | Adults | |||||||
0th | 1th | 2th | 3th | 4th | 5th | Females | Males | |
z | −0.230 | −0.582 | −2.173 | −2.809 | - | −1.408 | −3.189 | −2.158 |
p | 0.866 | 0.561 | 0.030 * | 0.002 ** | - | 0.159 | <0.001 *** | 0.031* |
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Harada, T.; Furuki, T.; Ohoka, W.; Umamoto, N.; Nakajo, M.; Katagiri, C. The First Finding of Six Instars of Larvae in Heteroptera and the Negative Correlation between Precipitation and Number of Individuals Collected in Sea Skaters of Halobates (Heteroptera: Gerridae). Insects 2016, 7, 73. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects7040073
Harada T, Furuki T, Ohoka W, Umamoto N, Nakajo M, Katagiri C. The First Finding of Six Instars of Larvae in Heteroptera and the Negative Correlation between Precipitation and Number of Individuals Collected in Sea Skaters of Halobates (Heteroptera: Gerridae). Insects. 2016; 7(4):73. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects7040073
Chicago/Turabian StyleHarada, Tetsuo, Takahiro Furuki, Wataru Ohoka, Noritomo Umamoto, Mitsuru Nakajo, and Chihiro Katagiri. 2016. "The First Finding of Six Instars of Larvae in Heteroptera and the Negative Correlation between Precipitation and Number of Individuals Collected in Sea Skaters of Halobates (Heteroptera: Gerridae)" Insects 7, no. 4: 73. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects7040073