Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) Intercropping within Managed Loblolly Pine (Pinus taeda) Does Not Affect Wild Bee Communities
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Section
2.1. Site Location and Preparation
2.2. Insect Trapping
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Family | Genus/Species | Total Captured |
---|---|---|
Andrenidae | Perdita boltoniae Roberstson | 2 |
Andrena spp. | 5 | |
Colletidae | Hylaeus spp.—including H.mesillae Cockerell, modestus Cockerell, ornatus Mitchell | 22 |
Apidae | Apis mellifera L. | 13 |
Bombus spp.—including B. Grisecolis De Geer, bimaculatus Cresson, pennsylvanicus De Geer, fraternus Smith | 65 | |
Ceratina strenua Smith | 518 | |
Melissodes spp.—including M. Bimaculata Lepeletier, comptoides Robertson, communis Cresson, agilis Cresson | 185 | |
Melitoma taurea Say | 2 | |
Svastra atripes Say | 2 | |
Xylocopa virginica L. | 7 | |
Halictidae | Augochlora pura Say | 75 |
Augochlorella aurata Smith | 323 | |
Halictus poeyi Lepeletier/lignatus Say | 6 | |
Lasioglossum spp. | 1267 | |
Megachilidae | Coelioxys octodentata Say/sayi Roberston | 1 |
Hoplitis simplex Cresson | 7 | |
Megachile spp.—including M. albitarsis Cresson, rotundata Fabricius, brevis Say | 6 | |
Osmia georgica Cresson | 1 |
Genera | Treatments | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Young Pine Plantation | Young Pine Intercropped | Older Pine Plantation | Older Pine Intercropped | |
2013 | ||||
Augochlora | 0 | 0.2 (0.05) | 0.3 (0.07) | 0.4 (0.08) |
Augochlorella | 0.3 (0.09) | 0 | 0.5 (0.01) | 0.6 (0.2) |
Bombus | 0.1 (0.04) | 0.07 (0.03) | 0.2 (0.06) | 0.1 (0.04) |
Ceratina | 0.2 (0.06) | 0.4 (0.08) | 2.3 (0.6) | 1.9 (0.6) |
Lasioglossum * | 3.6 (0.7) a | 2.3 (0.3) ab | 0.4 (0.09) b | 0.6 (0.1) ab |
Melissodes | 0.2 (0.06) | 0.4 (0.1) | 0.4 (0.1) | 0.3 (0.1) |
2014 | ||||
Augochlora | 0.1 (0.05) | 0.02 (0.01) | 0.1 (0.05) | 0.02 (0.01) |
Augochlorella * | 0.4 (0.1) b | 0.6 (0.1) ab | 1.5 (0.3) a | 0.9 (0.2) ab |
Bombus | 0.2 (0.06) | 0.1 (0.04) | 0.06 (0.03) | 0.2 (0.05) |
Ceratina | 0.6 (0.1) | 1.5 (0.4) | 0.6 (0.2) | 0.6 (0.1) |
Lasioglossum * | 5.9 (0.7) a | 4.6 (0.7) a | 0.5 (0.08) b | 0.9 (0.2) b |
Melissodes | 0.5 (0.1) | 0.3 (0.1) | 0.4 (0.2) | 0.2 (0.09) |
Diversity Index | Young Pine Plantation | Young Pine Intercropped | Older Pine Plantation | Older Pine Intercropped | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2013 | S | 7.3 (0.3) | 7.7 (0.7) | 7.3 (0.7) | 7.3 (1.8) |
H’ | 0.562 (0.1) | 0.676 (0.01) | 0.743 (0.1) | 0.772 (0.1) | |
2014 | S | 8.3 (1.2) | 9.3 (1.2) | 6.7 (0.7) | 7 (1.0) |
H’ | 0.754 (0.1) | 0.842 (0.04) | 0.845 (0.1) | 0.712 (0.05) |
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Campbell, J.W.; Miller, D.A.; Martin, J.A. Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) Intercropping within Managed Loblolly Pine (Pinus taeda) Does Not Affect Wild Bee Communities. Insects 2016, 7, 62. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects7040062
Campbell JW, Miller DA, Martin JA. Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) Intercropping within Managed Loblolly Pine (Pinus taeda) Does Not Affect Wild Bee Communities. Insects. 2016; 7(4):62. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects7040062
Chicago/Turabian StyleCampbell, Joshua W., Darren A. Miller, and James A. Martin. 2016. "Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) Intercropping within Managed Loblolly Pine (Pinus taeda) Does Not Affect Wild Bee Communities" Insects 7, no. 4: 62. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects7040062