Assessment of Hydrologic Alterations in Elbe and Rhine Rivers, Germany
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Regions and Data
2.2. Indicators of Hydrologic Alteration
- Group 1 comprises the twelve monthly median flows describing the normal flow conditions. These parameters represent a measure of the availability or suitability of a habitat [61].
- The parameters of Group 2 present the magnitude and duration of annual extreme flows: one-, three-, seven-, 30-, and 90-day annual minima and maxima, and the base flow index calculated as the seven-day minimum flow/annual mean flow. These parameters are relevant in modulating the structure and function of rivers and floodplains [61].
- Group 3 contains the Julian dates for one-day annual maximum and minimum, indicating the timing of the annual extreme flows. Changes in these parameters influence the life-cycle of organisms and the degree of stress associated with extreme water conditions [61].
- In Group 4, the parameters indicate the frequency and duration of high and low pulses, defined as the annual periods when the daily flows are above (below) the 75th (25th) percentile daily flow of the pre-impact period. They influence the reproduction or mortality rates of different species and the population dynamics [61].
- In Group 5, the parameters indicate the numbers and rates of positive and negative changes in flow between two consecutive days: fall rate, rise rate, and number of reversals. Such changes can lead to drought stress on plants or entrapment of organisms along the edge of the water or nearby ponded depressions [61].
3. Results
3.1. Hydrologic Alteration of Elbe River
3.2. Hydrologic Alteration of Rhine River
3.3. Spatial Pattern of Hydrologic Alteration along Elbe River
3.4. Spatial Pattern of Hydrologic Alteration along Rhine River
4. Discussion
5. Summary and Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Station Name | Location | River | Sequence Length | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Barby | 11.88° E | 51.99° N | Elbe | 1900–2015 |
Decin | 14.23° E | 50.79° N | Elbe | 1888–2014 |
Dresden | 13.74° E | 51.06° N | Elbe | 1806–2015 |
Neu Darchau | 10.89° E | 53.23° N | Elbe | 1875–2015 |
Wittenberge | 11.76° E | 52.99° N | Elbe | 1900–2015 |
Basel-Rheinhalle | 7.62° E | 47.56° N | Rhine | 1869–2014 |
Ems | 9.46° E | 46.84° N | Rhine | 1910–2014 |
Kaub | 7.76° E | 50.09° N | Rhine | 1931–2015 |
Köln | 6.96° E | 50.94° N | Rhine | 1817–2015 |
Lobith | 6.11° E | 51.84° N | Rhine | 1901–2013 |
Neuhausen | 8.63° E | 47.68° N | Rhine | 1904–2014 |
Reckingen | 8.33° E | 47.57° N | Rhine | 1904–2014 |
IHA Factor | Barby | Decin | Dresden | Neu Darchau | Wittenberge | Mean |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Group 1 | ||||||
January | 22 (L) | −9 (L) | −26 (L) | 31 (L) | 39 (M) | 25 |
February | −44 (M) | 0 (L) | −13 (L) | −45 (M) | −33 (L) | 27 |
March | 39 (M) | 43 (M) | 35 (M) | 14 (L) | −20 (L) | 30 |
April | 9 (L) | 0 (L) | −6 (L) | −18 (L) | −28 (L) | 12 |
May | −20 (L) | −22 (L) | −10 (L) | −27 (L) | −12 (L) | 18 |
June | 5 (L) | 17 (L) | −26 (L) | −23 (L) | 0 (L) | 14 |
July | 52 (M) | 26 (L) | 3 (L) | 9 (L) | −3 (L) | 18 |
August | −24 (L) | 4 (L) | −3 (L) | −45 (M) | −16 (L) | 19 |
September | 1 (L) | 52 (M) | 40 (M) | −5 (L) | 1 (L) | 20 |
October | −7 (L) | 49 (M) | 13 (L) | 5 (L) | 30 (L) | 21 |
November | −3 (L) | 34 (M) | −10 (L) | 0 (L) | 22 (L) | 14 |
December | 14 (L) | −21 (L) | 24 (L) | 14 (L) | 22 (L) | 19 |
Group 2 | ||||||
1-day minimum | −20 (L) | −92 (H) | 41 (M) | −32 (L) | −28 (L) | 43 |
3-day minimum | −20 (L) | −91 (H) | 44 (M) | −27 (L) | −28 (L) | 42 |
7-day minimum | −20 (L) | −96 (H) | 48 (M) | −27 (L) | −28 (L) | 44 |
30-day minimum | −7 (L) | −13 (L) | 27 (L) | 0 (L) | −16 (L) | 13 |
90-day minimum | 1 (L) | 34 (M) | 18 (L) | −9 (L) | −20 (L) | 16 |
1-day maximum | −20 (L) | −9 (L) | 13 (L) | −5 (L) | −8 (L) | 11 |
3-day maximum | −24 (L) | 0 (L) | −4 (L) | −5 (L) | −3 (L) | 7 |
7-day maximum | −20 (L) | −26 (L) | −4 (L) | −14 (L) | −7 (L) | 14 |
30-day maximum | 1 (L) | −9 (L) | −21 (L) | −5 (L) | −7 (L) | 9 |
90-day maximum | −16 (L) | −31 (L) | 9 (L) | −32 (L) | −41 (M) | 26 |
Base flow index | −7 (L) | −57 (M) | 35 (M) | −5 (L) | 5 (L) | 22 |
Group 3 | ||||||
Date of minimum | 5 (L) | 39 (M) | 70 (H) | 14 (L) | 47 (M) | 35 |
Date of maximum | −37 (M) | 8 (L) | −12 (L) | −32 (L) | −44 (M) | 27 |
Group 4 | ||||||
Low pulse count | −12 (L) | −46 (M) | 2 (L) | −15 (L) | −20 (L) | 19 |
Low pulse duration | −12 (L) | −43 (M) | −1 (L) | 14 (L) | −10 (L) | 16 |
High pulse count | 28 (L) | −19 (L) | −15 (L) | 6 (L) | 17 (L) | 17 |
High pulse duration | −20 (L) | −27 (L) | −10 (L) | −14 (L) | 18 (L) | 18 |
Group 5 | ||||||
Rise rate | −53 (M) | 0 (L) | −2 (L) | −23 (L) | −12 (L) | 18 |
Fall rate | −48 (M) | −24 (L) | −28 (L) | −39 (M) | −28 (L) | 34 |
Number of reversals | −4 (L) | −63 (M) | −92 (H) | −51 (M) | −24 (L) | 47 |
IHA Factor | Basel-Rheinhalle | Ems | Kaub | Köln | Lobith | Neuhausen | Reckingen | Mean |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Group 1 | ||||||||
January | 2 (L) | −74 (H) | −10 (L) | 16 (L) | 17 (L) | 24 (L) | 11 (L) | 22 |
February | 15 (L) | −78 (H) | 32 (L) | −15 (L) | 13 (L) | −17 (L) | 2 (L) | 24 |
March | 6 (L) | −74 (H) | 19 (L) | 7 (L) | 8 (L) | 11 (L) | 11 (L) | 19 |
April | −12 (L) | 1 (L) | 7 (L) | −19 (L) | −23 (L) | 19 (L) | −20 (L) | 15 |
May | 20 (L) | 10 (L) | −5 (L) | 1 (L) | −23 (L) | −3 (L) | 15 (L) | 11 |
June | −2 (L) | −30 (L) | −26 (L) | −33 (L) | −28 (L) | −47 (M) | −51 (M) | 31 |
July | −29 (L) | −21 (L) | 32 (L) | 11 (L) | 13 (L) | −25 (L) | −20 (L) | 22 |
August | −15 (L) | −34 (M) | 27 (L) | 14 (L) | 4 (L) | −29 (L) | 6 (L) | 19 |
September | 34 (M) | −52 (M) | 32 (L) | 16 (L) | 35 (M) | 15 (L) | 33 (L) | 31 |
October | −3 (L) | 5 (L) | −1 (L) | −16 (L) | −23 (L) | 11 (L) | 6 (L) | 9 |
November | 20 (L) | −16 (L) | 40 (M) | 21 (L) | 67 (M) | 37 (M) | 37 (M) | 34 |
December | −31 (L) | −60 (M) | −22 (L) | −28 (L) | 8 (L) | −29 (L) | −33 (L) | 30 |
Group 2 | ||||||||
1-day minimum | −20 (L) | −34 (M) | −18 (L) | −8 (L) | −23 (L) | −20 (L) | −34 (M) | 22 |
3-day minimum | −3 (L) | −69 (H) | −22 (L) | 3 (L) | −32 (L) | −25 (L) | −25 (L) | 26 |
7-day minimum | −8 (L) | −60 (M) | −5 (L) | −6 (L) | −28 (L) | −16 (L) | −7 (L) | 19 |
30-day minimum | 25 (L) | −87 (H) | −18 (L) | −10 (L) | 8 (L) | −3 (L) | −7 (L) | 23 |
90-day minimum | −12 (L) | −74 (H) | −1 (L) | −15 (L) | 35 (M) | −12 (L) | 6 (L) | 22 |
1-day maximum | 20 (L) | −30 (L) | −14 (L) | −10 (L) | −5 (L) | −29 (L) | 11 (L) | 17 |
3-day maximum | 11 (L) | −25 (L) | −26 (L) | −19 (L) | −1 (L) | −29 (L) | 19 (L) | 19 |
7-day maximum | 20 (L) | −38 (M) | 11 (L) | −1 (L) | 8 (L) | −29 (L) | −3 (L) | 16 |
30-day maximum | −2 (L) | −43 (M) | −26 (L) | −28 (L) | 8 (L) | −43 (M) | −20 (L) | 24 |
90-day maximum | 2 (L) | −52 (M) | −18 (L) | −42 (M) | 4 (L) | −25 (L) | −29 (L) | 24 |
Base flow index | −40 (M) | −74 (H) | 7 (L) | 34 (M) | −1 (L) | −38 (M) | −34 (M) | 33 |
Group 3 | ||||||||
Date of minimum | −18 (L) | −25 (L) | 55 (M) | 71 (H) | 58 (M) | −60 (M) | −25 (L) | 45 |
Date of maximum | −26 (L) | −43 (M) | 11 (L) | 1 (L) | −28 (L) | −20 (L) | −47 (M) | 25 |
Group 4 | ||||||||
Low pulse count | −28 (L) | −81 (H) | 2 (L) | −27 (L) | 1 (L) | −34 (M) | −20 (L) | 28 |
Low pulse duration | −31 (L) | −96 (H) | −14 (L) | −26 (L) | −23 (L) | −20 (L) | 8 (L) | 31 |
High pulse count | 38 (M) | −20 (L) | 9 (L) | 2 (L) | 17 (L) | 3 (L) | −43 (M) | 19 |
High pulse duration | 32 (L) | 26 (L) | 15 (L) | −24 (L) | −23 (L) | 4 (L) | 2 (L) | 18 |
Group 5 | ||||||||
Rise rate | −27 (L) | −87 (H) | −10 (L) | −14 (L) | 18 (L) | −32 (L) | 42 (M) | 33 |
Fall rate | −38 (M) | −88 (H) | −21 (L) | −33 (L) | −27 (L) | −36 (M) | 1 (L) | 35 |
Number of reversals | −91 (H) | −92 (H) | −30 (L) | −42 (M) | −23 (L) | −37 (M) | 12 (L) | 47 |
IHA Factor | Barby | Decin | Dresden | Neu Darchau | Wittenberge |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number of reversals | −4 | −63 | −92 | −51 | −24 |
7-day minimum | −20 | −96 | 48 | −27 | −28 |
1-day minimum | −20 | −92 | 41 | −32 | −28 |
3-day minimum | −20 | −91 | 44 | −27 | −28 |
Date of minimum | 5 | 39 | 70 | 14 | 47 |
Fall rate | −48 | −24 | −28 | −39 | −28 |
March | 39 | 43 | 35 | 14 | −20 |
February | −44 | 0 | −13 | −45 | −33 |
Date of maximum | −37 | 8 | −12 | −32 | −44 |
90-day maximum | −16 | −31 | 9 | −32 | −41 |
January | 22 | −9 | −26 | 31 | 39 |
Mean absolute value | 25 | 45 | 38 | 31 | 33 |
IHA Factor | Basel-Rheinhalle | Ems | Kaub | Köln | Lobith | Neuhausen | Reckingen |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number of reversals | −91 | −92 | −30 | −42 | −23 | −37 | 12 |
Date of minimum | −18 | −25 | 55 | 71 | 58 | −60 | −25 |
Fall rate | −38 | −88 | −21 | −33 | −27 | −36 | 1 |
November | 20 | −16 | 40 | 21 | 67 | 37 | 37 |
Rise rate | −27 | −87 | −10 | −14 | 18 | −32 | 42 |
Base flow index | −40 | −74 | 7 | 34 | −1 | −38 | −34 |
Low pulse duration | −31 | −96 | −14 | −26 | −23 | −20 | 8 |
June | −2 | −30 | −26 | −33 | −28 | −47 | −51 |
September | 34 | −52 | 32 | 16 | 35 | 15 | 33 |
December | −31 | −60 | −22 | −28 | 8 | −29 | −33 |
Low pulse count | −28 | −81 | 2 | −27 | 1 | −34 | −20 |
Mean absolute value | 33 | 64 | 23 | 31 | 26 | 35 | 27 |
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Pfeiffer, M.; Ionita, M. Assessment of Hydrologic Alterations in Elbe and Rhine Rivers, Germany. Water 2017, 9, 684. https://doi.org/10.3390/w9090684
Pfeiffer M, Ionita M. Assessment of Hydrologic Alterations in Elbe and Rhine Rivers, Germany. Water. 2017; 9(9):684. https://doi.org/10.3390/w9090684
Chicago/Turabian StylePfeiffer, Madlene, and Monica Ionita. 2017. "Assessment of Hydrologic Alterations in Elbe and Rhine Rivers, Germany" Water 9, no. 9: 684. https://doi.org/10.3390/w9090684