Radioactivity of Soil, Rock and Water in a Shale Gas Exploitation Area, SW China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Study Area
3. Samples and Analyses
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Radioactivity Characteristics of Soils and Rocks
4.2. Association between the Radioactivity Level and Elemental Concentrations
4.3. Radioactivity of Water
4.4. The Potential Contamination of Soil and Shallow Groundwater
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Type | Q | Pl | Ca | D | Py | Cl | Gross-α | Gross-β | 226Ra | U | Th | K | 238U * | 40K * | 226Ra/238U * | X * |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
% | Bq/kg | μg/g | % | Bq/kg | AK-β/AGross-β | |||||||||||
soil | ||||||||||||||||
JST1 | 81.9 | / | / | / | / | 18.1 | 715 | 865 | 16 | 1.59 | 7.31 | 1.65 | 28 | 523 | 0.56 | 0.54 |
JST2 | 85.2 | / | / | / | / | 14.8 | 591 | 568 | 26 | 1.69 | 6.37 | 1.86 | 30 | 590 | 0.86 | 0.93 |
JST3 | 60.4 | / | / | / | / | 39.6 | 1340 | 1630 | 78 | 8.33 | 15.30 | 3.02 | 148 | 957 | 0.53 | 0.52 |
JST4 | 62.6 | / | / | / | / | 37.4 | 2650 | 1330 | 68 | 7.92 | 16.30 | 3.07 | 141 | 973 | 0.48 | 0.65 |
JST5 | 62.4 | / | / | 6.0 | / | 31.6 | 1420 | 1030 | 61 | 5.57 | 15.00 | 2.42 | 99 | 767 | 0.61 | 0.66 |
JST6 | 73.0 | / | / | / | / | 27.0 | 1510 | 796 | 41 | 4.31 | 12.40 | 2.21 | 77 | 701 | 0.53 | 0.79 |
JST7 | 43.3 | / | / | / | / | 56.7 | 1060 | 1380 | 67 | 9.55 | 17.30 | 2.10 | 170 | 666 | 0.39 | 0.43 |
JST8 | 70.9 | / | / | / | / | 29.1 | 1460 | 983 | 42 | 5.47 | 12.80 | 1.69 | 97 | 536 | 0.43 | 0.49 |
JST9 | 61.0 | / | 2.0 | 6.2 | / | 30.8 | 2360 | 2220 | 51 | 5.60 | 13.90 | 2.40 | 100 | 761 | 0.51 | 0.31 |
JST10 | 48.8 | / | / | / | / | 51.2 | 2120 | 1830 | 82 | 9.45 | 17.70 | 2.66 | 168 | 843 | 0.49 | 0.41 |
JST11 | 51.4 | / | / | / | / | 48.6 | 1160 | 1240 | 80 | 6.79 | 15.90 | 1.87 | 121 | 593 | 0.66 | 0.43 |
JST14 | 1810 | 1190 | 56 | |||||||||||||
JST15 | 61.2 | / | / | 11.9 | / | 26.9 | 2130 | 1310 | 70 | 5.06 | 14.20 | 1.92 | 90 | 609 | 0.78 | 0.41 |
JST16 | 63.4 | / | / | / | / | 36.6 | 1480 | 1210 | 81 | 8.10 | 15.10 | 2.35 | 144 | 745 | 0.56 | 0.55 |
JST17 | 63.9 | / | 14.3 | / | / | 21.8 | 2160 | 1420 | 56 | 4.88 | 13.70 | 2.93 | 87 | 929 | 0.64 | 0.58 |
JST18 | 33.9 | / | 30.4 | 19.8 | / | 15.9 | 1400 | 758 | 48 | 3.86 | 10.10 | 1.78 | 69 | 564 | 0.70 | 0.66 |
JST19 | 810 | 723 | 46 | |||||||||||||
JST20 | 58.4 | / | 4.6 | / | / | 37.0 | 1680 | 1240 | 52 | 4.47 | 13.60 | 1.88 | 80 | 596 | 0.65 | 0.43 |
polluted sediments | ||||||||||||||||
JST12 | 3830 | 2250 | 396 | |||||||||||||
JST13 | 55.2 | / | 12.0 | / | / | 32.8 | 4030 | 1770 | 306 | 5.45 | 14.4 | 2.06 | 97 | 653 | 3.15 | 0.33 |
limestone | ||||||||||||||||
JSY2 | 1.7 | / | 85.1 | 13.2 | / | / | 375 | 187 | 18 | 2.16 | 1.20 | 0.32 | 38 | 101 | 0.47 | 0.48 |
JSY3 | 1.4 | / | / | 98.6 | / | / | 599 | 171 | 14 | 1.09 | 0.84 | 0.02 | 19 | 6 | 0.72 | 0.03 |
JSY4 | 1.0 | / | 99.0 | / | / | / | 316 | 3640 | 23 | 1.66 | 1.03 | 1.20 | 30 | 380 | 0.78 | 0.09 |
JSY5 | 1.1 | / | 11.2 | 87.7 | / | / | 106 | 44 | 13 | 0.96 | 0.51 | 0.07 | 17 | 22 | 0.76 | 0.45 |
JSY6 | 2.9 | / | 97.1 | / | / | / | 244 | 506 | 25 | 2.25 | 1.54 | 0.79 | 40 | 250 | 0.62 | 0.44 |
JSY7 | 2.6 | / | 97.4 | / | / | / | 318 | 427 | 16 | 2.13 | 1.47 | 0.08 | 38 | 25 | 0.42 | 0.05 |
JSY8 | 1.3 | / | 98.7 | / | / | / | 702 | 3680 | 26 | 2.94 | 1.22 | 1.28 | 52 | 406 | 0.50 | 0.10 |
JSY9 | 0.4 | / | 18.3 | 81.3 | / | / | 265 | 92 | 16 | 1.49 | 0.62 | 0.44 | 27 | 25 | 0.60 | 0.25 |
JSY10 | 3.1 | / | 96.9 | / | / | / | 2.79 | 0.91 | 0.08 | 50 | ||||||
JSY11 | 1.7 | / | 98.3 | / | / | / | 418 | 592 | 29 | 2.58 | 1.72 | 0.11 | 46 | 35 | 0.63 | 0.05 |
shale | ||||||||||||||||
WY | 36.9 | 23.4 | / | 2.4 | 4.4 | 32.9 | 2280 | 5380 | 183 | 17.20 | 13.20 | 3.20 | 307 | 1014 | 0.60 | 0.17 |
JSB | 45.4 | 5.5 | 3.3 | 3.2 | 3.2 | 39.4 | 2600 | 1370 | 114 | 9.74 | 12.90 | 2.99 | 174 | 948 | 0.66 | 0.62 |
Sample ID | Type of Water | Activity Concentration (Bq/L) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Gross-α | Gross-β | 226Ra | ||
JSS1 | Shallow groundwater | 0.06 ± 0.04 | 0.23 ± 0.02 | <0.008 |
JSS5 | 0.24 ± 0.05 | 0.14 ± 0.02 | <0.008 | |
JSS8 | 0.15 ± 0.06 | 0.09 ± 0.02 | <0.008 | |
JSS11 | 0.12 ± 0.04 | 0.05 ± 0.01 | <0.008 | |
Average | 0.14 ± 0.06 | 0.13 ± 0.07 | <0.008 | |
JSS31 | Formation water | 4.37 ± 0.58 | 1.4 ± 0.14 | 0.395 ± 0.011 |
JSS56 | Flowback and produced water | 0.29 ± 0.08 | 0.85 ± 0.11 | 0.052 ± 0.005 |
JSS23 | Polluted shallow groundwater | 0.20 ± 0.08 | 0.19 ± 0.03 | 0.038 ± 0.005 |
China-Guideline | Drinking water | 0.5 | 1 | n/a |
WHO-Guideline | Drinking water | 0.5 | 1 | 1 |
Sample ID | Type of Water | Hydrochemical Type | TDS | Na | Cl | Ba | Sr | Li | U | Th |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(mg/L) | (mg/L) | (mg/L) | (µg/L) | (µg/L) | (µg/L) | (µg/L) | (µg/L) | |||
JSS1 | Shallow groundwater | HCO3·SO4-Ca | 194 | 21 | 29 | 74 | 152 | 0.26 | 0.07 | 0.10 |
JSS5 | HCO3-Ca | 203 | 1.6 | 1.7 | 15 | 813 | 0.29 | 0.91 | 0.01 | |
JSS8 | HCO3-Ca·Mg | 236 | 1.4 | 7.0 | 22 | 94 | 0.82 | 0.72 | 0.01 | |
JSS11 | HCO3-Ca·Mg | 240 | 0.9 | 3.2 | 13 | 222 | 0.89 | 1.00 | 0.02 | |
Average | 218 | 6.3 | 10 | 31 | 320 | 0.56 | 0.68 | 0.04 | ||
JSS31 | Formation water | Cl-Na | 62,000 | 20,800 | 34,600 | 907,910 | 541,964 | 22,627 | <0.002 | 0.03 |
JSS56 | Flowback and produced water | Cl-Na | 581 | 21.3 | 270 | 3691 | 2416 | 689 | 0.08 | 0.07 |
JSS23 | Polluted shallow groundwater | Cl·HCO3-Na·Ca | 601 | 150 | 288 | 689 | 1807 | 450 | 0.541 | 0.02 |
China-Guideline | Drinking water | 1000 | 200 | 250 | 700 | |||||
WHO-Guideline | Drinking water | 200 | 250 | 300 | 30 |
Type | Location | Gross-α (Bq/kg) | Gross-β (Bq/kg) | 226Ra (Bq/kg) | Reference | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Range | Average ± SD | Range | Average ± SD | Range | Average ± SD | |||
Soil | Chongqing, China | 591–2650 | 1547 ± 560 | 568–2220 | 1206 ± 408 | 16–82 | 57 ± 19 | This study |
Kinta District, Malaysia | 15–9634 | 1558 | 591–4030 | 1112 | [ 27] | |||
Segamat District, Malaysia | 170–4360 | 1143 ± 97 | 70–4690 | 1071 ± 36 | 12–968 | 162 ± 6 | [ 28] | |
Macedonia | 221–1360 | 522 ± 192 | 438–1052 | 681 ± 146 | 22–92 | 39 ± 15 | [ 30] | |
Chongqing, China | 26–51 | 35 | [ 32] | |||||
Chihuahua City, Mexico | 44–58 | 52 | [ 29] | |||||
China average | 2–426 | 37 ± 22 | [ 31] | |||||
World average | 50 | [ 33] | ||||||
Polluted sediments | Chongqing, China (JST12, JST13) | 3830–4030 | 3930 | 1770–2250 | 2010 | 306–396 | 351 | This study |
Limestone | Chongqing, China | 106–702 | 371 ± 172 | 44–3680 | 1038 ± 1413 | 13–29 | 20 ± 6 | This study |
Chongqing, China | 12 | [ 32] | ||||||
Kenya | 27–45 | 34 ± 3 | [ 34] | |||||
Shale | Chongqing, China | 2280–2600 | 2440 | 1370–5380 | 3375 | 114–183 | 149 | This study |
Kenya | 157 ± 17 | [ 34] | ||||||
Northern PA, USA | 19 ± 2–214 ± 16 | [ 35] |
Parameter | Gross-α | Gross-β | 226Ra | U | Th | Clay Content |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gross-α | 1 | |||||
Gross-β | 0.37 | 1 | ||||
226Ra | 0.73 | 0.61 | 1 | |||
U | 0.72 | 0.59 | 0.96 | 1 | ||
Th | 0.83 | 0.22 | 0.69 | 0.73 | 1 | |
Clay content | 0.73 | 0.22 | 0.69 | 0.76 | 0.96 | 1 |
Type | Number of Sample | U (μg/g) | Th (μg/g) | K (%) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Range | Average ± SD | Range | Average ± SD | Range | Average | ||
Soil | 16 | 1.59–9.55 | 5.79 ± 2.35 | 6.37–17.70 | 13.56 ± 3.13 | 0.24–3.09 | 1.40 ± 0.46 |
Limestone | 9 | 0.96–2.94 | 1.91 ± 0.63 | 0.51–1.72 | 1.13 ± 0.39 | 0.02–1.28 | 0.56 ± 0.48 |
Shale | 2 | 9.74–17.20 | 13.47 | 12.90–13.20 | 13.05 | 0.01–7.06 | 2.03 |
Location | Producing Formation | Formation Age | Gross-α | Gross-β | 226Ra | TDS | Method and Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(Bq/L) | (Bq/L) | (Bq/L) | (g/L) | ||||
Chongqing, China | Longmaxi Shale | Lower Silurian | 4.37 | 1.40 | 0.395 | 62 | Coprecipitation with BaSO4 (This study) |
Lycoming, USA | Marcellus Shale | Middle Devonian | 228 ± 27 | 49 ± 7 | 16 ± 0.4 | 62 | EPA900.0Mod., 903.1,904.0 [13] |
Washington, USA | Marcellus Shale | Middle Devonian | 47 ± 5 | 200 | EPA901.1Mod. [13] | ||
Westmoreland, USA | Marcellus Shale | Middle Devonian | 86 ± 30 | 77 ± 34 | 38 ± 7 | 116 | EPA900.0,903.0,904.0 [13] |
Schuyler, USA | Marcellus Shale | Middle Devonian | 678 ± 137 | 500 ± 98 | 205 | [45] | |
Steuben, USA | Marcellus Shale | Middle Devonian | 147 ± 41 | 23 ± 22 | 192 ± 58 | [45] | |
Greene, USA | Marcellus Shale | Middle Devonian | 195 ± 3 | Coprecipitation with BaSO4; γ-spectrometry [13] |
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Huang, T.; Hao, Y.; Pang, Z.; Li, Z.; Yang, S. Radioactivity of Soil, Rock and Water in a Shale Gas Exploitation Area, SW China. Water 2017, 9, 299. https://doi.org/10.3390/w9050299
Huang T, Hao Y, Pang Z, Li Z, Yang S. Radioactivity of Soil, Rock and Water in a Shale Gas Exploitation Area, SW China. Water. 2017; 9(5):299. https://doi.org/10.3390/w9050299
Chicago/Turabian StyleHuang, Tianming, Yinlei Hao, Zhonghe Pang, Zhenbin Li, and Shuo Yang. 2017. "Radioactivity of Soil, Rock and Water in a Shale Gas Exploitation Area, SW China" Water 9, no. 5: 299. https://doi.org/10.3390/w9050299