Effect of Straw Mulch on Soil Evaporation during Freeze–Thaw Periods
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Field Station
2.2. Experiment Design
2.3. Calculation of Soil Evaporation
3. Results
3.1. Soil Freezing and Thawing Process
3.2. Soil Evaporation Characteristics during Three Freeze–Thaw Stages
3.2.1. Unstable Freezing Stage
3.2.2. Stable Freezing Stage
3.2.3. Thawing Stage
3.3. Cumulative Soil Evaporation during the Freeze–Thaw Period
3.4. Major Factors Influencing Soil Evaporation in Different Freeze–Thaw Stages
3.4.1. Principal Component Analysis
3.4.2. Unstable Freezing Stage
3.4.3. Stable Freezing Stage
3.4.4. Thawing Stage
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Soil Depth (cm) | Bulk Density (g·cm−3) | Particle Size Distribution | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Clay (%) | Silt (%) | Sand (%) | ||
0–30 | 1.41 | 0.82 | 9.07 | 91.22 |
30–60 | 1.41 | 1.27 | 14.84 | 86.61 |
60–80 | 1.41 | 0.88 | 13.46 | 90.55 |
80–100 | 1.41 | 0.41 | 7.06 | 95.57 |
Treatment | E = a + bt | E = aebt | E = atb | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
a | b | R2 | a | b | R2 | A | b | R2 | |
BS | 1.765 | 0.162 | 0.97 | 3.487 | 0.016 | 0.87 | 0.378 | 0.841 | 0.99 |
J1 | 1.989 | 0.099 | 0.96 | 3.001 | 0.013 | 0.86 | 0.473 | 0.700 | 0.98 |
J2 | 1.433 | 0.093 | 0.97 | 2.549 | 0.014 | 0.88 | 0.388 | 0.719 | 0.98 |
J3 | 2.101 | 0.104 | 0.96 | 3.141 | 0.013 | 0.84 | 0.484 | 0.707 | 0.98 |
Factors | Treatment | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
BS | J1 | J2 | J3 | |
solar radiation (x1) | 0.27 | 0.25 | 0.3 | 0.25 |
air temperature (x2) | 0.37 | 0.39 | 0.39 | 0.35 |
surface soil temperature (x3) | 0.43 | 0.44 | 0.42 | 0.41 |
surface soil water content (x4) | −0.29 | 0.2 | 0.34 | 0.38 |
wind speed (x5) | 0.3 | 0.27 | 0.25 | 0.29 |
vapor pressure (x6) | 0.35 | 0.39 | 0.37 | 0.34 |
relative humidity (x7) | −0.38 | −0.38 | −0.35 | −0.37 |
precipitation (x8) | / | / | / | / |
water surface evaporation (x9) | 0.41 | 0.43 | 0.39 | 0.4 |
Factors | Treatment | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
BS | J1 | J2 | J3 | |
solar radiation (x1) | 0.41 | 0.41 | 0.43 | 0.4 |
air temperature (x2) | −0.23 | −0.22 | −0.26 | −0.19 |
surface soil temperature (x3) | 0.19 | 0.19 | 0.16 | 0.22 |
surface soil water content (x4) | −0.33 | −0.34 | −0.36 | −0.35 |
wind speed (x5) | 0.42 | 0.4 | 0.41 | 0.4 |
vapor pressure (x6) | 0.32 | 0.3 | 0.34 | 0.3 |
relative humidity (x7) | −0.42 | −0.42 | −0.40 | −0.42 |
precipitation (x8) | −0.18 | −0.21 | −0.16 | −0.20 |
water surface evaporation (x9) | 0.39 | 0.4 | 0.37 | 0.41 |
Factors | Treatment | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
BS | J1 | J2 | J3 | |
solar radiation (x1) | 0.45 | 0.45 | 0.42 | 0.43 |
air temperature (x2) | 0.47 | 0.47 | 0.46 | 0.46 |
surface soil temperature (x3) | 0.38 | 0.42 | 0.4 | 0.39 |
surface soil water content (x4) | 0.17 | 0.15 | 0.27 | 0.25 |
wind speed (x5) | 0.2 | 0.16 | 0.12 | 0.15 |
vapor pressure (x6) | −0.39 | −0.37 | −0.34 | −0.35 |
relative humidity (x7) | 0.28 | 0.25 | 0.26 | 0.26 |
precipitation (x8) | 0.16 | 0.19 | 0.23 | 0.21 |
water surface evaporation (x9) | 0.33 | 0.35 | 0.36 | 0.35 |
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Chen, J.; Xie, X.; Zheng, X.; Xue, J.; Miao, C.; Du, Q.; Xu, Y. Effect of Straw Mulch on Soil Evaporation during Freeze–Thaw Periods. Water 2019, 11, 1689. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11081689
Chen J, Xie X, Zheng X, Xue J, Miao C, Du Q, Xu Y. Effect of Straw Mulch on Soil Evaporation during Freeze–Thaw Periods. Water. 2019; 11(8):1689. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11081689
Chicago/Turabian StyleChen, Junfeng, Xue Xie, Xiuqing Zheng, Jing Xue, Chunyan Miao, Qi Du, and Yongxin Xu. 2019. "Effect of Straw Mulch on Soil Evaporation during Freeze–Thaw Periods" Water 11, no. 8: 1689. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11081689