Paleoenvironmental Reconstructions Improve Ecosystem Services Risk Assessment: Case Studies from Two Coastal Lagoons in South America
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Ecosystem-Based Risk Management (EBRM) and the Paleoenvironmental Contribution
2.1. Establishing the Ecosystem Context
2.2. Risk Assessment
3. Case Study Sites
3.1. Laguna de Rocha (LR)
3.1.1. Recent Conditions at LR
3.1.2. Paleolimnological and Paleoenvironmental Reconstruction
3.2. The Ciénaga Grande de Santa Marta Lagoon (CGSM)
3.2.1. Recent Conditions at CGSM
3.2.2. Paleolimnological and Paleoenvironmental Reconstruction
4. Incorporation of Paleoenvironmental Data in the EBRM Protocol in LR
4.1. Establishing the Context
4.2. Risk Assessment
5. Incorporation of Paleoenvironmental Data in the EBRM Protocol in the CGSM
5.1. Establishing the Context
5.2. Risk Assessment
6. Concluding Remarks
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Main Components | Steps | Paleo Value-Added Component |
---|---|---|
Establishing Context | Management outcomes | Historical perspective on baseline conditions; it can illuminate the discussion on potential management outcomes. |
Ecological unit | Redefinition of the ecological unit by the identification of external or low frequency (e.g., millennial, centennial) pressures loads to the ecosystem (e.g., fluvial reactivation). | |
Risk criteria | Information on key drivers or stressors controlling past changes in the ecosystem and ecosystem’s functions (e.g., salinity affecting primary producers and nutrient loads). Information on the history of the ecosystem’s responses to diverse pressure loads. Additional information in sites with the absence of historical data. Information that can be used to improve stakeholder’s perception of risk. | |
Data and information needs | Information on current data gaps that can be answered by paleoenvironmental data needed to advance the risk management strategic planning (e.g., sediment distribution inside the lagoon and hence integrity of the sand bar). | |
Risk Assessment (Risk Identification) |
| Information on the resistance and resilience of the ecosystem, including: disturbance levels/intensity, periodicity, and potential thresholds of response, including multiple, potentially interacting, stressors (e.g., ecosystem adapted to marine regression and transgression, or climate variability). |
| Information on the most important stressors (priorities for stakeholders engagement), and illustration of possible future ecosystem scenarios. | |
Risk Assessment (Risk Analysis) | Ecosystem components and Services impacts | Information on predictive models Helps constrain key model driver variables (e.g., the sand bar as a long-term regulator of nutrients in LR), enhancing model calibration and validation. |
Environmental Risk Profile | Information to inform risk communication, enhancing stakeholder perception. |
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Share and Cite
Velez, M.I.; Conde, D.; Lozoya, J.P.; Rusak, J.A.; García-Rodríguez, F.; Seitz, C.; Harmon, T.; Perillo, G.M.E.; Escobar, J.; Vilardy, S.P. Paleoenvironmental Reconstructions Improve Ecosystem Services Risk Assessment: Case Studies from Two Coastal Lagoons in South America. Water 2018, 10, 1350. https://doi.org/10.3390/w10101350
Velez MI, Conde D, Lozoya JP, Rusak JA, García-Rodríguez F, Seitz C, Harmon T, Perillo GME, Escobar J, Vilardy SP. Paleoenvironmental Reconstructions Improve Ecosystem Services Risk Assessment: Case Studies from Two Coastal Lagoons in South America. Water. 2018; 10(10):1350. https://doi.org/10.3390/w10101350
Chicago/Turabian StyleVelez, Maria Isabel, Daniel Conde, Juan Pablo Lozoya, James Anthony Rusak, Felipe García-Rodríguez, Carina Seitz, Thomas Harmon, Gerardo Miguel Eduardo Perillo, Jaime Escobar, and Sandra Patricia Vilardy. 2018. "Paleoenvironmental Reconstructions Improve Ecosystem Services Risk Assessment: Case Studies from Two Coastal Lagoons in South America" Water 10, no. 10: 1350. https://doi.org/10.3390/w10101350