MicroRNAs in the Stressed Heart: Sorting the Signal from the Noise
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. A ‘Systems’ Approach is Key to Understanding MicroRNA Signaling
3. Assessing MicroRNAs Altered in the Stressed Heart
3.1. Which Altered MicroRNAs may be of the Most Biological Significance?
3.2. Challenges Faced by MicroRNA Target Prediction Algorithms
3.3. Quantifying MicroRNA-Dependent Regulation of mRNAs
3.3.1. Assays for mRNA Presence in, and Targeting by, the RISC
3.3.2. Pinning the MicroRNA to the Target—Approaches in the Absence of CLIP Experiments
3.3.3. Assays for Altered Translation of mRNAs
4. Assessing microRNAs not Altered in the Stressed Heart
5. Contextual Interpretation of Direct MicroRNA-mRNA Interaction Data
- mRNA sequence and structural considerations that permit microRNA/RISC-binding. While these parameters are likely to be quite stable among different contexts, what might be the effects of alternate 3′UTRs, other splice variants, or polymorphisms on microRNA binding sites? (A noteworthy example is the human angiotensin II type I receptor polymorphism that disrupts binding of miR-155 [81], a microRNA that also has cardiac functions [82].)
- Abundances of microRNAs and mRNAs and their possible stoichiometries are likely to differ between cell and tissue contexts.
- Competition may take place between mRNAs of different abundances but similar binding sites for access to the same microRNA. Furthermore, microRNAs have been reported to bind to long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), e.g., [83], amongst other competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs) such as circular RNAs [84]; at least one study has cast doubts on the significance of ceRNAs in titrating microRNA availability [85]. Nonetheless, the binding of microRNAs to mRNAs is a process that depends on multiple RNA interaction equilibria and will be altered by abundances of these other participants.
6. Validation, Perturbation and Integration
7. MicroRNA Therapeutics for Stress Relief?
8. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Matkovich, S.J. MicroRNAs in the Stressed Heart: Sorting the Signal from the Noise. Cells 2014, 3, 778-801. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells3030778
Matkovich SJ. MicroRNAs in the Stressed Heart: Sorting the Signal from the Noise. Cells. 2014; 3(3):778-801. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells3030778
Chicago/Turabian StyleMatkovich, Scot J. 2014. "MicroRNAs in the Stressed Heart: Sorting the Signal from the Noise" Cells 3, no. 3: 778-801. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells3030778