STAT3 in Cancer—Friend or Foe?
Abstract
:1. The Normal Functions of STAT3
2. The Oncogenic Potential of STAT3
2.1. An Overview
2.2. Mechanisms Underlying the Constitutive Activation of STAT3 in Cancer
2.2.1. Loss of the Negative Regulation of STAT3
2.2.2. Excessive Stimulation of STAT3
2.2.3. Positive Feedback Loops that Sustain Persistent STAT3 Activation
2.2.4. Constitutively Active Somatic STAT3 Mutations
2.3. The Canonical and Non-Canonical STAT3 Pathways in Cancer
2.3.1. Canonical Mechanisms
2.3.2. Non-Canonical Mechanisms
3. The Tumor Suppressor Functions of STAT3
3.1. STAT3 Can Exert Tumor Suppressor Effects
3.2. Mechanisms That Mediate or Regulate the Tumor Suppressor Function of STAT3
3.3. Clinical Observations Supporting the Tumor Suppressor Role of STAT3
4. STAT3β and the Tumor Suppressor Effects of STAT3
4.1. STAT3β Has Biochemical and Biological Features Different from STAT3α
4.2. The Dominant Negative Role of STAT3β
4.3. STAT3β Regulates a Gene Set That Is Distinct from That of STAT3α
4.4. STAT3β Regulates the Phosphorylation Dynamics of STAT3α
4.5. Is STAT3β Responsible for the Tumor Suppressor Function of STAT3?
5. Evaluation of STAT3 Expression in Patient Samples
6. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Zhang, H.-F.; Lai, R. STAT3 in Cancer—Friend or Foe? Cancers 2014, 6, 1408-1440. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers6031408
Zhang H-F, Lai R. STAT3 in Cancer—Friend or Foe? Cancers. 2014; 6(3):1408-1440. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers6031408
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Hai-Feng, and Raymond Lai. 2014. "STAT3 in Cancer—Friend or Foe?" Cancers 6, no. 3: 1408-1440. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers6031408