CA125 and Ovarian Cancer: A Comprehensive Review
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Prognosis and Survival in Ovarian Cancer
3. Early Detection of Ovarian Cancer
3.1. CA125
3.1.1. CA125: Physiological Functions
3.1.2. Factors Influencing Serum CA125 Concentrations
3.1.3. CA125 in Combination with Other Biomarkers
3.1.4. Biomarker Based Algorithms Involving CA125
3.1.5. Modifications of CA125 Cutoff Value
4. Effect of Ovarian Cancer Screening with CA125 on Mortality
5. Recurrent Ovarian Cancer and CA125
5.1. CA125: Early Detection of Relapse
5.2. CA125: Prognostic Value
6. Future Directions: Ovarian Cancer Screening
Chip-Based and Cartridge-Based Biosensors
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Type I | Type II | |
---|---|---|
Subtypes | Endometrioid, clear cell, low-grade serous carcinomas (LGSC), mucinous carcinomas, seromucous carcinomas, malignant Brenner tumours | High-grade serous carcinoma (HGSC), carcinosarcoma, undifferentiated carcinoma |
Genetic stability | Genetically stable | Genetically unstable |
Diagnosis | Early-stage | Advanced-stage |
Early detection | Frequent | Infrequent |
Progression | Slow | Rapid |
TP53 mutations | Infrequent | Frequent |
Germline BRCA mutations | Infrequent | Frequent |
Ki 67 proliferative index | 10–15% | 50–75% |
Median CA125 levels | 53–413 U/mL | 395–1340 U/mL |
Study | n | Benign | Type I | Type II |
---|---|---|---|---|
Alcázer et al. [15] (2013) | 244 | NA * | 78.9 | 490 |
Leandersson et al. [50] (2016) † | 350 | 54 | 413 | 1340 |
Kristjansdottir et al. [51] (2013) | 373 | 16 | 53 | 395 |
Gąsiorowska et al. [53] (2015) | 206 | 25 | 45 | 936 |
Yanaranop et al. [54] (2018) | 499 | 35.8 | 155.8 | 690.7 |
Liu et al. [55] (2017) † | 65 | NA * | 141.1 | 299.9 |
Fujiwara et al. [56] (2015) | 225 | 21.9 | 61.2 | 567.2 |
Advantages | Disadvantages |
---|---|
Easily accessible at the physician’s office and patient’s bedside | Analysis of a few samples |
Portable | Antibodies, aptamers, or lectins need to be in correct orientations |
Low cost (equipment and personnel) | Quality control and calibration |
Rapid results | Error management and interassay variations |
Multiplex testing for several biomarkers | Analysis time of up to 3 h for some microfluidic devices |
Minimal sample requirement | Distribution to primary care facilities |
Minimal sample processing |
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Charkhchi, P.; Cybulski, C.; Gronwald, J.; Wong, F.O.; Narod, S.A.; Akbari, M.R. CA125 and Ovarian Cancer: A Comprehensive Review. Cancers 2020, 12, 3730. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers12123730
Charkhchi P, Cybulski C, Gronwald J, Wong FO, Narod SA, Akbari MR. CA125 and Ovarian Cancer: A Comprehensive Review. Cancers. 2020; 12(12):3730. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers12123730
Chicago/Turabian StyleCharkhchi, Parsa, Cezary Cybulski, Jacek Gronwald, Fabian Oliver Wong, Steven A. Narod, and Mohammad R. Akbari. 2020. "CA125 and Ovarian Cancer: A Comprehensive Review" Cancers 12, no. 12: 3730. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers12123730