Genetic Divergence and Chemotype Diversity in the Fusarium Head Blight Pathogen Fusarium poae
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Genetic Diversity of Fusarium poae
2.2. Fusarium poae Likely Combines Sexual and Asexual Reproduction
2.3. Transposable Element Proliferation between Near-Clonal Isolates
2.4. Assessing the Genetic Chemotype of F. poae Isolates
2.5. Assessing the Phenotypic Chemotype of F. poae Isolates
3. Discussion
4. Conclusions
5. Materials and Methods
5.1. Fusarium Collection
5.2. Phylogenetic Analyses
5.3. Fusarium poae Genome Data
5.4. Trichothecene Production Analyses
5.5. Diagnostic PCRs and Amplicon Sequencing
Supplementary Materials
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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ID | Location | Host | Year | Reference | Mating Type | INS1 | INS2 | AFLP | DAS | NEO | FUS-X | NIV |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
175 | Aas, Norway | barley | 1996 | Sundheim L. unpubl. | MAT1-2 | - | - | - | 355 | 55.1 | ND | ND |
177 | Norway | wheat | 1996 | Sundheim L. unpubl. | MAT1-1 | - | - | + | NCA | |||
182 | Norway | barley | 1996 | Sundheim L. unpubl. | MAT1-1 | - | - | + | NCA | |||
185 | Norway | barley | 1996 | Sundheim L. unpubl. | MAT1-1 | - | - | + | ND | ND | ND | ND |
1879 | Bottelare, Belgium | wheat | 2010 | this study | MAT1-1 | - | - | + | 2160 | 66 | 25 | 88 |
2004 | Zwevegem, Belgium | wheat | 2010 | this study | MAT1-1 | - | - | + | 89 | ND | ND | ND |
2019 | Zwevegem, Belgium | wheat | 2010 | this study | MAT1-1 | - | - | + | 231 | 54 | ND | ND |
2022 | Zwevegem, Belgium | wheat | 2010 | this study | MAT1-1 | - | - | + | 1588 | 62 | 18 | ND |
2023 | Zwevegem, Belgium | wheat | 2010 | this study | MAT1-1 | - | - | + | 44 | 12 | ND | ND |
2028 | Zwevegem, Belgium | wheat | 2010 | this study | MAT1-1 | - | - | + | 3650 | 79 | 77 | 93 |
2031 | Zwevegem, Belgium | wheat | 2010 | this study | MAT1-1 | - | - | + | 109 | ND | ND | ND |
2033 | Zwevegem, Belgium | wheat | 2010 | this study | MAT1-1 | - | - | + | 1306 | 59 | ND | ND |
2041 | Zwevegem, Belgium | wheat | 2010 | this study | MAT1-2 | - | - | + | 60 | 12 | >LOD | 108 |
2043 | Zwevegem, Belgium | wheat | 2010 | this study | MAT1-1 | - | - | + | 3971 | 72 | ND | ND |
2044 | Zwevegem, Belgium | wheat | 2010 | this study | MAT1-2 | - | - | + | 144 | 9 | ND | ND |
2056 | Zwevegem, Belgium | wheat | 2010 | this study | MAT1-1 | - | - | + | NCA | |||
2371 | Bottelare, Belgium | wheat | 2011 | this study | MAT1-2 | - | - | + | 6923 | 101 | ND | ND |
2375 | Bottelare, Belgium | wheat | 2011 | this study | MAT1-1 | - | - | + | 15 | 10 | ND | ND |
2377 | Bottelare, Belgium | wheat | 2011 | this study | MAT1-1 | - | - | + | 31 | 11 | >LOD | 103 |
2380 | Bottelare, Belgium | wheat | 2011 | this study | MAT1-1 | - | - | + | 1743 | 64 | ND | ND |
2381 | Bottelare, Belgium | wheat | 2011 | this study | MAT1-1 | - | - | + | 222 | 54 | ND | ND |
2390 | Bottelare, Belgium | wheat | 2011 | this study | MAT1-1 | - | - | + | 3027 | 67 | ND | ND |
2392 | Bottelare, Belgium | wheat | 2011 | this study | MAT1-1 | - | - | + | 196 | 14 | ND | ND |
2395 | Bottelare, Belgium | wheat | 2011 | this study | MAT1-1 | - | - | + | 193 | 55 | ND | ND |
2410 | Bottelare, Belgium | wheat | 2011 | this study | MAT1-1 | - | - | + | 9562 | 84 | ND | ND |
2411 | Bottelare, Belgium | wheat | 2011 | this study | MAT1-1 | - | - | + | 238 | 54 | ND | ND |
2424 | Koksijde, Belgium | wheat | 2011 | this study | MAT1-1 | - | - | + | 2098 | 59 | ND | ND |
2476 | Poperinge, Belgium | wheat | 2011 | this study | MAT1-1 | - | - | + | 488 | 75 | 172 | 103 |
2491 | Poperinge, Belgium | wheat | 2011 | this study | MAT1-2 | - | - | + | 12,336 | 99 | ND | ND |
2514 | Zwevegem, Belgium | wheat | 2011 | this study | MAT1-1 | - | - | + | 2800 | 73 | 83 | 116 |
2516 | Zwevegem, Belgium | wheat | 2011 | this study | MAT1-1 | + | + | + | 1126 | 57 | ND | ND |
2517 | Zwevegem, Belgium | wheat | 2011 | this study | MAT1-1 | - | - | + | 641 | 58 | ND | ND |
2519 | Zwevegem, Belgium | wheat | 2011 | this study | MAT1-2 | - | - | + | 9766 | 139 | ND | ND |
2521 | Zwevegem, Belgium | wheat | 2011 | this study | MAT1-1 | + | - | - | ND | ND | ND | ND |
2524 | Zwevegem, Belgium | wheat | 2011 | this study | MAT1-1 | - | - | + | 380 | 17 | ND | ND |
2525 | Zwevegem, Belgium | wheat | 2011 | this study | MAT1-1 | - | - | + | 2195 | 61 | ND | ND |
2531 | Zwevegem, Belgium | wheat | 2011 | this study | MAT1-1 | + | + | + | 803 | 59 | 22 | 92 |
2532 | Zwevegem, Belgium | wheat | 2011 | this study | MAT1-1 | - | - | + | 1940 | 66 | 25 | ND |
2547 | Zwevegem, Belgium | wheat | 2011 | this study | no amplicon | - | - | + | NCA | |||
2548 | Zwevegem, Belgium | wheat | 2011 | this study | MAT1-1 | - | - | + | 67 | ND | ND | ND |
2565 | Zuienkerke, Belgium | wheat | 2011 | this study | MAT1-1 | + | - | + | 69 | 18 | >LOD | 115 |
2569 | Zuienkerke, Belgium | wheat | 2011 | this study | MAT1-1 | + | - | + | 4910 | 44 | >LOD | 122 |
2570 | Zuienkerke, Belgium | wheat | 2011 | this study | MAT1-1 | + | - | + | 6630 | 66 | 25 | ND |
2571 | Zuienkerke, Belgium | wheat | 2011 | this study | MAT1-1 | + | - | + | NCA | |||
2671 | Linter, Belgium | wheat | 2011 | this study | MAT1-1 | + | + | + | 2457.8 | 75 | 37 | 100 |
6127 | Wageningen, The Netherlands | wheat | 1964 | MUCL | MAT1-2 | - | - | - | 10,864 | 303 | 75 | ND |
6114 | Denmark | barley | 1964 | MUCL, Hennebert G.L. unpubl. | MAT1-2 | - | - | + | 135 | 55 | ND | ND |
7555 | Heverlee, Belgium | wheat | 1965 | MUCL | MAT1-1 | - | - | - | 1067.8 | ND | ND | ND |
9125 | Ferrara, Italy | wheat | 2005 | Somma et al. (2010) | MAT1-1 | - | - | + | 5096 | 73 | ND | ND |
9139 | Ferrara, Italy | wheat | 2005 | Somma et al. (2010) | MAT1-2 | - | - | + | 8 | ND | ND | ND |
9181 | Ferrara, Italy | wheat | 2005 | Somma et al. (2010) | MAT1-2 | - | - | + | NCA | |||
9186 | Ferrara, Italy | wheat | 2005 | Somma et al. (2010) | MAT1-1 | - | - | + | 8024 | 77 | 24 | ND |
9189 | Ferrara, Italy | wheat | 2005 | Somma et al. (2010) | MAT1-1 | - | - | + | 6342 | 98 | ND | ND |
9192 | Ferrara, Italy | wheat | 2005 | Somma et al. (2010) | MAT1-1 | - | - | + | 10,415 | 132 | 46 | 91 |
9194 | Ferrara, Italy | wheat | 2005 | Somma et al. (2010) | MAT1-1 | - | - | + | 13,404 | 270 | 81 | ND |
9196 | Ferrara, Italy | wheat | 2005 | Somma et al. (2010) | MAT1-2 | - | - | + | 3610 | 115 | 34 | ND |
9203 | Ferrara, Italy | wheat | 2005 | Somma et al. (2010) | MAT1-1 | - | - | + | 115 | 55 | ND | ND |
9209 | Ferrara, Italy | wheat | 2005 | Somma et al. (2010) | MAT1-1 | - | - | + | 5502 | 115 | 28 | ND |
11456 | Heverlee, Belgium | barley | 1968 | MUCL, Meyer J.A. unpubl. | MAT1-2 | - | - | + | 264 | 20 | >LOD | 103 |
30702 | unknown | in vitro plant | 1990 | MUCL, Marchand D. unpubl. | MAT1-2 | - | - | + | 22,804 | 375 | 57 | ND |
15926 | Quebec, Canada | wheat | 1970 | MUCL, Hennebert G.L. unpubl. | MAT1-1 | - | - | + | NCA | |||
42824 | Belgium | wheat | 2000 | MUCL | MAT1-1 | - | - | - | 2120 | 73 | ND | ND |
bfb0173 | China | barley | 2005 | Yang et al. (2008) | MAT1-1 | - | - | + | NCA | |||
F49 | Ath, Belgium | maize | 2007 | MUCL (Scaufflaire J.) | MAT1-1 | - | - | + | 5720 | 76 | ND | ND |
K46 | Ath, Belgium | maize | 2007 | MUCL (Scaufflaire J.) | MAT1-1 | - | - | + | 5339 | 100 | ND | ND |
L24 | Buissenal, Belgium | maize | 2007 | MUCL (Scaufflaire J.) | MAT1-1 | - | - | + | 162 | 55 | ND | ND |
Q57 | Buissenal, Belgium | maize | 2007 | MUCL (Scaufflaire J.) | MAT1-1 | - | - | + | 916 | 56 | ND | ND |
S46 | Villeroux, Belgium | maize | 2007 | MUCL (Scaufflaire J.) | MAT1-1 | - | - | + | 1208 | 59 | ND | ND |
PD93/1780 | The Netherlands | carnation | 2003 | WUR, Waalwijk et al. (2003) | MAT1-1 | - | - | + | 4008 | 66 | 23 | ND |
n = 69 | 1 not determined 13 MAT1-2 55 MAT1-1 | 8 isolates containing INS1 | 3 isolates containing INS2 | AFLP for 64 isolates | chemotype for 61 isolates; no chemotype analysed for 8 isolates |
# On the Core Genome of 2516 | # Present in 2516 but Not in 2531 (No Read Support) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Superfamily | Family | |||
Retrotransposons | ||||
RLG_Maggy | Gypsy/Ty3 like | 27 | 1 | |
RLG_Skippy | Gypsy/Ty3 like | 5 | 2 | |
DNA transposons | ||||
DTF_Fot4 | Pogo | 1 | 0 | |
DTF_Fot5-A | Pogo | 40 | 26 | |
DTF_ESP4-B | Pogo | 12 | 0 | |
DTF_Drogon | Pogo | 33 | 33 | |
DTF_Viserion | Pogo | 8 | 3 | |
DTM_Hop7 | Mutator | 8 | 8 | |
DTM_Hop4 | Mutator | 1 | 0 | |
Sum | 135 | 73 |
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Vanheule, A.; De Boevre, M.; Moretti, A.; Scauflaire, J.; Munaut, F.; De Saeger, S.; Bekaert, B.; Haesaert, G.; Waalwijk, C.; Van der Lee, T.; et al. Genetic Divergence and Chemotype Diversity in the Fusarium Head Blight Pathogen Fusarium poae. Toxins 2017, 9, 255. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins9090255
Vanheule A, De Boevre M, Moretti A, Scauflaire J, Munaut F, De Saeger S, Bekaert B, Haesaert G, Waalwijk C, Van der Lee T, et al. Genetic Divergence and Chemotype Diversity in the Fusarium Head Blight Pathogen Fusarium poae. Toxins. 2017; 9(9):255. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins9090255
Chicago/Turabian StyleVanheule, Adriaan, Marthe De Boevre, Antonio Moretti, Jonathan Scauflaire, Françoise Munaut, Sarah De Saeger, Boris Bekaert, Geert Haesaert, Cees Waalwijk, Theo Van der Lee, and et al. 2017. "Genetic Divergence and Chemotype Diversity in the Fusarium Head Blight Pathogen Fusarium poae" Toxins 9, no. 9: 255. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins9090255