Emergence of Nasal Carriage of ST80 and ST152 PVL+ Staphylococcus aureus Isolates from Livestock in Algeria
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Prevalence of Nasal Colonization with S. aureus
2.2. Antimicrobial Resistance
2.3. CCs Distribution
2.4. Virulence Genes
2.5. Resistance Genes
3. Discussion
4. Conclusions
5. Materials and Methods
5.1. Study Population
5.2. Specimen Collection and Bacterial Isolation
5.3. Identification and Susceptibility Testing
5.4. Oligonucleotide DNA Arrays and Genotyping
5.5. Statistical Analysis
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Antibiotics | Origin of Isolates | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Humans (n = 27) n (%) | Horses (n = 11) n (%) | Camels (n = 41) n (%) | Cattle (n = 8) n (%) | Sheep (n = 30) n (%) | Monkeys (n = 1) n (%) | Total Animals (N = 91) n (%) | |
Penicillin G | 24 (88.8) | 11 (100) | 14 (34.1) | 2 (25.0) | 16 (53.3) | 1 (100) | 44 (48.4) |
Cefoxitin | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 3 (7.3) | 0 (0) | 6 (20.0) | 0 (0) | 9 (9.9) |
Erythromycin | 6 (22.2) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 2 (6.7) | 0 (0) | 2 (2.2) |
Ceftobiprole | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
Clindamycin | 4 (14.8) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 2 (6.7) | 0 (0) | 2 (2.2) |
Quinupristin/Dalfopristin | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
Kanamycin | 3 (11.1) | 6 (54.5) | 3 (7.3) | 0 (0) | 3 (10.0) | 0 (0) | 12 (13.2) |
Tobramycin | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
Gentamicin | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
Minocycline | 3 (11.1) | 6 (54.5) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 6 (6.6) |
Ofloxacin | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
Fucidic acid | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 2 (4.9) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 2 (2.2) |
Linezolid | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
Fosfomycin | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
Rifampicin | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
Cotrimoxazole | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
CC | Clone Assignment | Leukocidin Genes Content | Origin of Isolates | p | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Human (n = 12) n (%) | Horses (n = 5) n (%) | Camels (n = 23) n (%) | Cattle (n = 6) n (%) | Sheep (n = 19) n (%) | Monkeys (n = 1) n (%) | Total Animals (N = 54) n (%) | H vs A | |||
CC130 | ST130 | - | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 6 (26.1) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 6 (11.1) | NS |
ST130-MSSA | LukF-P83/LukM+ | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 3 (15.8) | 0 (0) | 3 (5.6) | NS | |
CC1 | ST1-MSSA | - | 0 (0) | 2 (40.0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 2 (3.7) | NS |
ST1-MSSA | LukF-P83/LukM+ | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (16.7) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (1.9) | NS | |
ST1278-MSSA | - | 1 (8.3) | 0 (0) | 4 (17.4) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 4 (7.4) | NS | |
CC8 | ST8-MSSA | - | 4 (33.3) | 2 (40.0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 4 (21.1) | 0 (0) | 6 (11.1) | NS |
ST72-MSSA | - | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 | 1 (1.9) | NS | |
CC6 | ST6-MSSA | - | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 3 (13.0) | 0 (0) | 4 (21.1) | 0 (0) | 7 (13.0) | NS |
CC80 | ST80-MRSA IV | LukS-PV/LukF-PV+ | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 2 (8.7) | 0 (0) | 4 (21.1) | 0 (0) | 6 (11.1) | NS |
CC88 | ST88-MSSA | - | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 6 (26.1) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 6 (11.1) | NS |
CC97 | ST97-MSSA | - | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (16.7) | 2 (10.5) | 0 (0) | 3 (5.6) | NS |
CC15 | ST15-MSSA | - | 3 (25.0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 2 (33.3) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 2 (3.7) | 0.038 |
CC133 | ST133-MSSA | - | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 2 (10.5) | 0 (0) | 2 (3.7) | NS |
CC705 | ST705 | LukF-P83/LukM+ | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 2 (33.3) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 2 (3.7) | NS |
CC152 | ST152-MSSA | LukS-PV/LukF-PV+ | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (4.3) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (1.9) | NS |
CC30 | ST30-MSSA | - | 1 (8.3) | 0 (0) | 1 (4.3) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (1.9) | NS |
CC45 | ST45-MSSA | - | 0 (0) | 1 (20.0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (1.9) | NS |
CC398 | ST398-MSSA | - | 2 (16.7) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0.030 |
CC22 | ST22-MSSA | - | 1 (8.3) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | NS |
Virulence Genes | Origin of Isolates | p | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Human (n = 12) n (%) | Horses (n = 5) n (%) | Camels (n = 23) n (%) | Cattle (n = 6) n (%) | Sheep (n = 19) n (%) | Monkeys (n = 1) n (%) | Total Animals (N = 54) n (%) | H vs. A | |
Virulence genes | ||||||||
Enterotoxins | ||||||||
sea | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (16.7) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (1.9) | NS |
seb | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | NS |
egc cluster * | 2 (16.6) | 1 (20) | 1 (4.3) | 2 (33.3) | 0 (0) | 1 (100) | 5 (9.2) | NS |
seg | 2 (16.6) | 1 (20) | 1 (4.3) | 2 (33.3) | 0 (0) | 1 (100) | 5 (9.2) | NS |
seh | 1 (8.3) | 2 (40) | 4 (17.4) | 1 (16.7) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 7 (12.9) | NS |
sek | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | NS |
seq | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | NS |
Other toxins | ||||||||
tst | 2 (16.6) | 0 (0) | 3 (13) | 2 (33.3) | 7 (36.8) | 0 (0) | 12 (22.2) | NS |
etA | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | NS |
etB | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | NS |
etD | 2 (16.6) | 0 (0) | 2 (8.7) | 0 (0) | 4 (21.0) | 0 (0) | 6 (11.1) | NS |
edinB | 2 (16.6) | 0 (0) | 9 (39.1) | 0 (0) | 7 (36.8) | 0 (0) | 16 (29.6) | NS |
lukS-PV/lukF-PV | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 3 (13) | 0 (0) | 4 (21) | 0 (0) | 7 (13) | NS |
lukDE | 12 (100) | 4 (80) | 10 (43.4) | 5 (83.3) | 10 (52.6) | 1 (100) | 30 (55.5) | 0.002 |
Hemolysins | ||||||||
hla | 11 (91.6) | 3 (60) | 21 (91.3) | 6 (100) | 19 (100) | 1 (100) | 50 (92.5) | NS |
hld | 12 (100) | 5 (100) | 23 (100) | 6 (100) | 19 (100) | 1 (100) | 54 (100) | NS |
hlgA | 12 (100) | 5 (100) | 23 (100) | 6 (100) | 19 (100) | 1 (100) | 54 (100) | NS |
hlg | 5 (41.6) | 1 (20) | 7 (30.4) | 2 (33.3) | 4 (21) | 1 (100) | 15 (27.7) | NS |
hlgv | 10 (83.3) | 4 (80) | 20 (86.9) | 6 (100) | 19 (100) | 1 (100) | 50 (92.5) | NS |
MSCRAMMs | ||||||||
bbp | 12 (100) | 5 (100) | 21 (91.3) | 4 (66.6) | 17 (89.4) | 1 (100) | 48 (88.8) | NS |
cna | 3 (25) | 3 (60) | 8 (34.7) | 1 (16.7) | 4 (21) | 0 (0) | 16 (29.6) | NS |
ebpS | 12 (100) | 5 (100) | 23 (100) | 6 (100) | 19 (100) | 1 (100) | 54 (100) | NS |
clfA | 12 (100) | 5 (100) | 23 (100) | 6 (100) | 19 (100) | 1 (100) | 54 (100) | NS |
clfB | 12 (100) | 5 (100) | 23 (100) | 6 (100) | 19 (100) | 1 (100) | 54 (100) | NS |
fib | 7 (58.3) | 3 (60) | 21 (91.3) | 6 (100) | 19 (100) | 1 (100) | 50 (92.5) | 0.007 |
fnbA | 12 (100) | 5 (100) | 23 (100) | 6 (100) | 19 (100) | 1 (100) | 54 (100) | NS |
fnbB | 10 (83.3) | 4 (80) | 20 (86.9) | 4 (66.6) | 12 (63.1) | 1 (100) | 41 (75.9) | NS |
Capsule components | ||||||||
cap5 | 8 (66.6) | 2 (40) | 5 (21.7) | 1 (16.7) | 6 (31.5) | 1 (100) | 15 (27.7) | 0.017 |
cap8 | 4 (33.3) | 3 (60) | 18 (78.2) | 5 (83.3) | 13 (68.4) | 0 (0) | 39 (72.2) | 0.017 |
icaA | 12 (100) | 5 (100) | 23 (100) | 6 (100) | 19 (100) | 1 (100) | 54 (100) | NS |
icaC | 12 (100) | 5 (100) | 23 (100) | 6 (100) | 19 (100) | 1 (100) | 54 (100) | NS |
icaD | 12 (100) | 5 (100) | 23 (100) | 6 (100) | 19 (100) | 1 (100) | 54 (100) | NS |
Other virulence factors | ||||||||
chp | 7 (58.3) | 1 (20) | 0 (0) | 2 (33.3) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 3 (5.5) | 0.0001 |
scn | 8 (66.6) | 1 (20) | 7 (30.4) | 2 (33.3) | 3 (15.8) | 0 (0) | 13 (24) | 0.012 |
Accessory gene regulators | ||||||||
agr1 | 7 (58.33) | 3 (60) | 4 (17.4) | 1 (16.7) | 12 (63.1) | 1 (100) | 21 (38.8) | NS |
agr2 | 3 (25) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 4 (66.6) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 4 (7.4) | NS |
agr3 | 2 (16.6) | 2 (40) | 19 (82.6) | 1 (16.7) | 7 (36.8) | 0 (0) | 29 (53.7) | 0.026 |
agr4 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | NS |
Resistance genes | ||||||||
mecA | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 2 (8.7) | 0 (0) | 4 (21.0) | 0 (0) | 6 (11.1) | NS |
mecC | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | NS |
blaZ | 11 (91.6) | 5 (100) | 5 (21.7) | 2 (33.3) | 5 (26.3) | 1 (100) | 18 (33.3) | 0.001 |
ermA | 1 (8.3) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | NS |
ermC | 1 (8.3) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | NS |
aacA-aphD | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | NS |
tetM | 2 (16.6) | 2 (40) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 2 (3.7) | NS |
tetK | 3 (25) | 4 (80) | 0 (0) | 2 (33.3) | 5 (26.3) | 0 (0) | 11 (20.3) | NS |
fosB | 8 (66.6) | 2 (40) | 1 (4.3) | 2 (33.3) | 6 (31.5) | 1 (100) | 12 (22.2) | 0.004 |
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Agabou, A.; Ouchenane, Z.; Ngba Essebe, C.; Khemissi, S.; Chehboub, M.T.E.; Chehboub, I.B.; Sotto, A.; Dunyach-Remy, C.; Lavigne, J.-P. Emergence of Nasal Carriage of ST80 and ST152 PVL+ Staphylococcus aureus Isolates from Livestock in Algeria. Toxins 2017, 9, 303. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins9100303
Agabou A, Ouchenane Z, Ngba Essebe C, Khemissi S, Chehboub MTE, Chehboub IB, Sotto A, Dunyach-Remy C, Lavigne J-P. Emergence of Nasal Carriage of ST80 and ST152 PVL+ Staphylococcus aureus Isolates from Livestock in Algeria. Toxins. 2017; 9(10):303. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins9100303
Chicago/Turabian StyleAgabou, Amir, Zouleikha Ouchenane, Christelle Ngba Essebe, Salim Khemissi, Mohamed Tedj Eddine Chehboub, Ilyes Bey Chehboub, Albert Sotto, Catherine Dunyach-Remy, and Jean-Philippe Lavigne. 2017. "Emergence of Nasal Carriage of ST80 and ST152 PVL+ Staphylococcus aureus Isolates from Livestock in Algeria" Toxins 9, no. 10: 303. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins9100303