Relationship of the Reported Intakes of Fat and Fatty Acids to Body Weight in US Adults
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Survey Design and Data
2.2. Dietary Intake
2.3. Participants and Body Mass Index Categories
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Participant Characteristics
3.2. Relationship of BMI Category to Daily Intake of Energy, Macronutrients, and Individual Fatty Acids, Overall
3.3. Relationship of BMI Category to Daily Intake of Energy, Macronutrients, and Individual Fatty Acids, by Sociodemographic Characteristics
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | n | Weighted % of Sample | Mean ± SEM |
---|---|---|---|
Sex | |||
Male | 10,090 | 49.4 | |
Female | 9826 | 50.6 | |
Race/ethnicity | |||
Mexican-American | 3392 | 8.2 | |
Non-Hispanic black | 4397 | 11.5 | |
Non-Hispanic white | 9063 | 69.4 | |
Other Hispanic Other/multi–racial Education | 1777 1387 | 4.9 6.1 | |
<HS | 5466 | 17.8 | |
HS | 4678 | 23.5 | |
HS | 9772 | 58.7 | |
BMI category | BMI (kg/m2) | ||
Normal weight | 5785 | 31.0 | 22.4 ± 0.03 |
Overweight | 6758 | 33.8 | 27.4 ± 0.03 |
Obese—grade 1 | 4186 | 20.3 | 32.2 ± 0.03 |
Obese—grade 2 | 1855 | 8.6 | 37.2 ± 0.05 |
Obese—grade 3 | 1332 | 6.3 | 45.4 ± 0.20 |
Nutrient | Normal Weight n = 5785 | Overweight n = 6758 | Obese—Grade 1 n = 4186 | Obese—Grade 2 n = 1855 | Obese—Grade 3 n = 1332 | p for Linear Trend |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Energy (kcal) | 2174 ± 23 | 2181 ± 16 | 2121 ± 24 | 2117 ± 26 | 2108 ± 36 | 0.02 |
Carbohydrate (g) | 262 ± 1 | 257 ± 1 * | 254 ± 1 * | 254 ± 2 * | 256 ± 2 * | 0.004 |
Protein (g) | 80 ± 1 | 82 ± 1 * | 83 ± 1 * | 82 ± 1 * | 84 ± 1 * | 0.002 |
Fat, total (g) | 77 ± 1 | 79 ± 1 * | 80 ± 1 * | 83 ± 1 * | 83 ± 1 * | <0.0001 |
SFA, total (g) | 25.1 ± 0.2 | 25.6 ± 0.1 | 26.1 ± 0.2 * | 27.2 ± 0.3 * | 27.6 ± 0.3 * | <0.0001 |
Lauric acid (12:0) (g) | 0.7 ± 0.0 | 0.7 ± 0.0 | 0.7 ± 0.0 | 0.8 ± 0.1 | 0.7 ± 0.1 | 0.60 |
Myristic acid (14:0) (g) | 2.1 ± 0.1 | 2.1 ± 0.1 | 2.1 ± 0.1 | 2.2 ± 0.1 | 2.3 ± 0.1 * | 0.0002 |
Palmitic acid (16:0) (g) | 13.6 ± 0.1 | 13.9 ± 0.1 | 14.2 ± 0.1 * | 14.7 ± 0.2 * | 15.0 ± 0.2 * | <0.0001 |
Stearic acid (18:0) (g) | 6.3 ± 0.1 | 6.6 ± 0.1 * | 6.8 ± 0.1 * | 7.0 ± 0.1 * | 7.1 ± 0.1 * | <0.0001 |
MUFA, total (g) | 28.1 ± 0.2 | 28.7 ± 0.2 * | 29.4 ± 0.2 * | 30.1 ± 0.3 * | 30.0 ± 0.3 * | <0.0001 |
Oleic acid (18:1n-9) (g) | 26.2 ± 0.2 | 26.8 ± 0.2 * | 27.5 ± 0.2* | 28.1 ± 0.3 * | 28.0 ± 0.3 * | <0.0001 |
PUFA, total (g) | 17.1 ± 0.2 | 17.7 ± 0.2 | 17.9 ± 0.2 * | 18.0 ± 0.3 * | 17.9 ± 0.4 | 0.06 |
LA (18:2n-6) (g) | 15.1 ± 0.2 | 15.6 ± 0.2 | 15.9 ± 0.2 * | 15.9 ± 0.2 * | 15.8 ± 0.3 | 0.06 |
ALA (18:3n-3) (g) | 1.5 ± 0.0 | 1.6 ± 0.0 | 1.6 ± 0.0 | 1.6 ± 0.0 | 1.6 ± 0.0 | 0.36 |
EPA (20:5n-3 (g) | 0.04 ± 0.00 | 0.04 ± 0.00 | 0.03 ± 0.00 | 0.04 ± 0.01 | 0.03 ± 0.01 | 0.43 |
DPA (22:5n-3) (g) | 0.02 ± 0.00 | 0.02 ± 0.00 | 0.02 ± 0.00 | 0.02 ± 0.00 | 0.02 ± 0.00 | 0.37 |
DHA (22:6n-3) (g) | 0.08 ± 0.01 | 0.08 ± 0.01 | 0.07 ± 0.00 | 0.08 ± 0.01 | 0.07 ± 0.01 | 0.38 |
LCn-3, total (g) | 0.14 ± 0.01 | 0.14 ± 0.01 | 0.13 ± 0.01 | 0.14 ± 0.01 | 0.13 ± 0.01 | 0.50 |
Nutrient | Normal Weight n = 2834 | Overweight n = 3899 | Obese—Grade 1 n = 2147 | Obese—Grade 2 n = 759 | Obese—Grade 3 n = 451 | p for Linear Trend |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Energy (kcal) | 2653 ± 35 | 2505 ± 23 * | 2461 ± 34 * | 2511 ± 37 * | 2576 ± 63 | 0.29 |
Carbohydrate (g) | 302 ± 2 | 293 ± 2 * | 288 ± 2 * | 287 ± 3 * | 285 ± 5 * | <0.01 |
Protein (g) | 94 ± 1 | 97 ± 1 * | 97 ± 1 | 99 ± 2 * | 100 ± 2 * | <0. 01 |
Fat, total (g) | 89 ± 1 | 92 ± 1 | 94 ± 1 * | 96 ± 1 * | 98 ± 2 * | <0.0001 |
SFA, total (g) | 28.8 ± 0.4 | 30.0 ± 0.2 * | 30.5 ± 0.3 * | 31.4 ± 0.5 * | 32.3 ± 06 * | <0.0001 |
Lauric Acid (12:0) (g) | 0.8 ± 0.0 | 0.8 ± 0.0 | 0.7 ± 0.0 | 0.7 ± 0.1 | 0.8 ± 0.1 | 0.59 |
Myristic Acid (14:0) (g) | 2.3 ± 0.0 | 2.5 ± 0.0 | 2.4 ± 0.1 | 2.5 ± 0.1 | 2.6 ± 0.1 * | 0.01 |
Palmitic Acid (16:0) (g) | 15.8 ± 0.2 | 16.3 ± 0.1 | 16.7 ± 0.2 * | 17.3 ± 0.3 * | 17.7 ± 0.4 * | <0.0001 |
Stearic Acid (18:0) (g) | 7.3 ± 0.1 | 7.7 ± 0.1 * | 8.0 ± 0.1 * | 8.2 ± 0.2 * | 8.4 ± 0.2 * | <0.0001 |
MUFA, total (g) | 32.8 ± 0.3 | 33.6 ± 0.2 | 34.7 ± 0.3 * | 35.5 ± 0.6 * | 36.3 ± 0.8 * | <0.0001 |
Oleic Acid (18:1n-9) (g) | 30.6 ± 0.3 | 31.3 ± 0.2 | 32.4 ± 0.3 * | 33.0 ± 0.5 * | 33.8 ± 0.8 * | <0.0001 |
PUFA, total (g) | 19.4 ± 0.3 | 19.9 ± 0.3 | 20.5 ± 0.3 | 20.7 ± 0.5 | 20.9 ± 0.9 | 0.07 |
LA (18:2n-6) (g) | 17.2 ± 0.3 | 17.5 ± 0.3 | 18.2 ± 0.3 | 18.3 ± 0. 5 | 18.5 ± 0.8 | 0.06 |
ALA (18:3n-3) (g) | 1.7 ± 0.0 | 1.8 ± 0.0 | 1.7 ± 0.0 | 1.8 ± 0.1 | 1.8 ± 0.1 | 0.14 |
EPA (20:5n-3 (g) | 0.05 ± 0.00 | 0.05 ± 0.00 | 0.04 ± 0.00 | 0.05 ± 0.01 | 0.04 ± 0.01 | 0.43 |
DPA (22:5n-3) (g) | 0.02 ± 0.00 | 0.03 ± 0.00 | 0.03 ± 0.00 | 0.03 ± 0.00 | 0.03 ± 0.00 | 0.35 |
DHA (22:6n-3) (g) | 0.09 ± 0.01 | 0.09 ± 0.00 | 0.09 ± 0.01 | 0.09 ± 0.01 | 0.08 ± 0.01 | 0.50 |
LCn-3, total (g) | 0.16 ± 0.01 | 0.16 ± 0.01 | 0.16 ± 0.01 | 0.16 ± 0.02 | 0.14 ± 0.02 | 0.50 |
Nutrient | Normal Weight n = 2951 | Overweight n = 2859 | Obese—Grade 1 n = 2039 | Obese—Grade 2 n = 1096 | Obese—Grade 3 n = 881 | p for Linear Trend |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Energy (kcal) | 1804 ± 17 | 1741 ± 18 * | 1724 ± 18 * | 1829 ± 26 | 1863 ± 34 | 0.02 |
Carbohydrate (g) | 221 ± 1 | 220 ± 1 | 219 ± 2 | 218 ± 2 | 221 ± 2 | 0.73 |
Protein (g) | 66 ± 1 | 66 ± 1 | 68 ± 1 | 67 ± 1 | 69 ± 1 | 0.02 |
Fat, total (g) | 64 ± 0 | 66 ± 0 * | 67 ± 1 * | 68 ± 1 * | 68 ± 1 * | <0.001 |
SFA, total (g) | 21.0 ± 0.2 | 21.2 ± 0.2 | 21.8 ± 0.3 | 22.7 ± 0.4 * | 22.6 ± 0.4 * | <0.0001 |
Lauric acid (12:0) (g) | 0.6 ± 0.0 | 0.7 ± 0.0 | 0.7 ± 0.0 | 0.7 ± 0.0 | 0.6 ± 0.0 | 0.54 |
Myristic acid (14:0) (g) | 1.8 ± 0.0 | 1.8 ± 0.0 | 1.8 ± 0.0 | 1.9 ± 0.1 | 1.9 ± 0.1 | 0.03 |
Palmitic acid (16:0) (g) | 11.3 ± 0.1 | 11.4 ± 0.1 | 11.7 ± 0.1 * | 12.1 ± 0.2 * | 12.2 ± 0.2 * | <0.0001 |
Stearic acid (18:0) (g) | 5.3 ± 0.1 | 5.4 ± 0.1 | 5.5 ± 0.1 * | 5.8 ± 0.1 * | 5.8 ± 0.1 * | <0.0001 |
MUFA, total (g) | 23.2 ± 0.2 | 23.8 ± 0.2 | 24.0 ± 0.3 | 24.7 ± 0.3 * | 24.1 ± 0.3 * | <0.01 |
Oleic acid (18:1n-9) (g) | 21.7 ± 0.2 | 22.3 ± 0.2 | 22.4 ± 0.3 | 23.0 ± 0.3 * | 22.5 ± 0.3 | <0.01 |
PUFA, total (g) | 14.7 ± 0.2 | 15.6 ± 0.2 * | 15.3 ± 0.2 | 15.2 ± 0.3 | 14.8 ± 0.3 | 0.73 |
LA (18:2n-6) (g) | 13.0 ± 0.2 | 13.8 ± 0.2 * | 13.5 ± 0.2 | 13.4 ± 0.3 | 13.0 ± 0.3 | 0.76 |
ALA (18:3n-3) (g) | 1.3 ± 0.0 | 1.4 ± 0.0 * | 1.4 ± 0.0 | 1.3 ± 0.0 | 1.3 ± 0.0 | 0.18 |
EPA (20:5n-3 (g) | 0.04 ± 0.00 | 0.03 ± 0.00 | 0.03 ± 0.00 | 0.04 ± 0.01 | 0.03 ± 0.01 | 0.61 |
DPA (22:5n-3) (g) | 0.02 ± 0.00 | 0.02 ± 0.00 | 0.02 ± 0.00 | 0.02 ± 0.00 | 0.02 ± 0.00 | 0.50 |
DHA (22:6n-3) (g) | 0.07 ± 0.01 | 0.06 ± 0.0 | 0.06 ± 0.00 | 0.07 ± 0.01 | 0.06 ± 0.01 | 0.57 |
LCn-3, total (g) | 0.12 ± 0.01 | 0.11 ± 0.01 | 0.11 ± 0.01 | 0.12 ± 0.02 | 0.11 ± 0.02 | 0.67 |
Nutrient | Normal Weight n = 2827 | Overweight n = 3123 | Obese—Grade 1 n = 1788 | Obese—Grade 2 n = 801 | Obese—Grade 3 n = 524 | p for Linear Trend |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Energy (kcal) | 2195 ± 29 | 2213 ± 21 | 2159 ± 32 | 2142 ± 34 | 2182 ± 48 | 0.35 |
Carbohydrate (g) | 264 ± 2 | 257 ± 1 * | 252 ± 2 * | 254 ± 3 * | 256 ± 4 | 0.015 |
Protein (g) | 80 ± 1 | 83 ± 1 * | 84 ± 1 * | 84 ± 1 * | 86 ± 2 * | 0.005 |
Fat, total (g) | 80 ± 1 | 82 ± 1 * | 84 ± 1 * | 87 ± 1 * | 87 ± 1 * | <0.0001 |
SFA, total (g) | 26.6 ± 0.3 | 27.3 ± 0.2 | 28.0 ± 0.3 * | 29.1 ± 0.4 * | 29.7 ± 0.5 * | <0.0001 |
Lauric acid (12:0) (g) | 0.8 ± 0.0 | 0.8 ± 0.0 | 0.8 ± 0.0 | 0.9 ± 0.0 | 0.8 ± 0.1 | 0.88 |
Myristic acid (14:0) (g) | 2.3 ± 0.04 | 2.4 ± 0.03 | 2.4 ± 0.04 | 2.5 ± 0.06 | 2.6 ± 0.08 * | <0.01 |
Palmitic acid (16:0) (g) | 14.2 ± 0.2 | 14.5 ± 0.1 | 15.0 ± 0.2 * | 15.6 ± 0.2 * | 15.9 ± 0.2 * | <0.0001 |
Stearic acid (18:0) (g) | 6.7 ± 0.1 | 7.0 ± 0.1 * | 7.2 ± 0.1 * | 7.5 ± 0.1 * | 7.6 ± 0.1 * | <0.0001 |
MUFA, total (g) | 28.9 ± 0.2 | 29.7 ± 0.2 * | 30.6 ± 0.3 * | 31.3 ± 0.4 * | 31.4 ± 0.5 * | <0.0001 |
Oleic acid (18:1n-9) (g) | 27.0 ± 0.2 | 27.8 ± 0.2 * | 28.6 ± 0.3 * | 29.2 ± 0.4 * | 29.3 ± 0.5 * | <0.0001 |
PUFA, total (g) | 17.5 ± 0.2 | 18.2 ± 0.2 | 18.4 ± 0.3 | 18.7 ± 0.4 * | 18.4 ± 0.6 | 0.10 |
LA (18:2n-6) (g) | 15.5 ± 0.2 | 16.0 ± 0.2 | 16.3 ± 0.3 | 16.5 ± 0.3 * | 16.3 ± 0.5 | 0.10 |
ALA (18:3n-3) (g) | 1.6 ± 0.0 | 1.7 ± 0.0 | 1.6 ± 0.0 | 1.7 ± 0.0 | 1.6 ± 0.15 | 0.40 |
EPA (20:5n-3 (g) | 0.04 ± 0.00 | 0.04 ± 0.00 | 0.03 ± 0.00 | 0.04 ± 0.01 | 0.03 ± 0.01 | 0.73 |
DPA (22:5n-3) (g) | 0.02 ± 0.00 | 0.02 ± 0.00 | 0.02 ± 0.00 | 0.02 ± 0.00 | 0.02 ± 0.00 | 0.13 |
DHA (22:6n-3) (g) | 0.07 ± 0.01 | 0.07 ± 0.00 | 0.06 ± 0.01 | 0.08 ± 0.01 | 0.06 ± 0.01 | 0.80 |
LCn-3, total (g) | 0.12 ± 0.01 | 0.12 ± 0.01 | 0.12 ± 0.01 | 0.14 ± 0.02 | 0.12 ± 0.02 | 0.92 |
Nutrient | Normal Weight n = 1075 | Overweight n = 1284 | Obese—Grade 1 n = 1027 | Obese—Grade 2 n = 514 | Obese—Grade 3 n = 497 | p for Linear Trend |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Energy (kcal) | 2316 ± 50 | 2161 ± 42 * | 2062 ± 40 * | 2072 ± 60 * | 1941 ± 40 * | <0.0001 |
Carbohydrate (g) | 256 ± 3 | 254 ± 2 | 256 ± 3 | 256 ± 3 | 254 ± 3 | 0.82 |
Protein (g) | 77 ± 1 | 80 ± 1 | 78 ± 1 | 78 ± 1 | 81 ± 2 | 0.22 |
Fat, total (g) | 79 ± 1 | 81 ± 1 | 80 ± 1 | 82 ± 1 | 82 ± 1 | 0.03 |
SFA, total (g) | 25.4 ± 0.4 | 25.5 ± 0.4 | 25.3 ± 0.3 | 25.7 ± 0.4 | 25.9 ± 0.4 | 0.28 |
Lauric acid (12:0) (g) | 0.7 ± 0.0 | 0.7 ± 0.1 | 0.7 ± 0.0 | 0.7 ± 0.1 | 0.7 ± 0.1 | 0.48 |
Myristic acid (14:0) (g) | 1.9 ± 0.1 | 1.9 ± 0.1 | 1.9 ± 0.1 | 1.9 ± 0.1 | 2.0 ± 0.1 | 0.76 |
Palmitic acid (16:0) (g) | 14.1 ± 0.2 | 14.1 ± 0.2 | 14.0 ± 0.2 | 14.2 ± 0.2 | 14.4 ± 0.2 | 0.35 |
Stearic acid (18:0) (g) | 6.6 ± 0.1 | 6.7 ± 0.1 | 6.6 ± 0.1 | 6.8 ± 0.1 | 6.7 ± 0.1 | 0.20 |
MUFA, total (g) | 29.2 ± 0.4 | 29.7 ± 0.3 | 29.5 ± 0.4 | 30.0 ± 0.4 | 29.8 ± 0.3 | 0.17 |
Oleic acid (18:1n-9) (g) | 27.2 ± 0.4 | 27.7 ± 0.3 | 27.6 ± 0.3 | 28.0 ± 0.4 | 27.8 ± 0.3 | 0.20 |
PUFA, total (g) | 17.7 ± 0.3 | 18.4 ± 0.3 | 18.4 ± 0.3 | 18.6 ± 0.4 | 18.9 ± 0.5 | 0.01 |
LA (18:2n-6) (g) | 15.7 ± 0.3 | 16.3 ± 0.3 | 16.3 ± 0.2 | 16.5 ± 0.4 | 16.7 ± 0.5 | 0.01 |
ALA (18:3n-3) (g) | 1.4 ± 0.0 | 1.5 ± 0.0 | 1.5 ± 0.0 | 1.5 ± 0.0 | 1.6 ± 0.1 | <0.01 |
EPA (20:5n-3 (g) | 0.04 ± 0.00 | 0.04 ± 0.00 | 0.04 ± 0.01 | 0.03 ± 0.00 | 0.05 ± 0.01 | 0.44 |
DPA (22:5n-3) (g) | 0.02 ± 0.00 | 0.03 ± 0.00 | 0.03 ± 0.00 | 0.03 ± 0.00 | 0.03 ± 0.00 | 0.32 |
DHA (22:6n-3) (g) | 0.08 ± 0.01 | 0.08 ± 0.01 | 0.09 ± 0.01 | 0.07 ± 0.01 | 0.09 ± 0.01 | 0.49 |
LCn-3, total (g) | 0.14 ± 0.01 | 0.15 ± 0.01 | 0.15 ± 0.07 | 0.13 ± 0.01 | 0.17 ± 0.02 | 0.44 |
Normal Weight n = 723 | Overweight n = 1282 | Obese—Grade 1 n = 795 | Obese—Grade 2 n = 314 | Obese—Grade 3 n = 178 | p for Linear Trend | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Energy (kcal) Carbohydrate (g) | 2255 ± 41 272 ± 3 | 2206 ± 43 268 ± 3 | 2167 ± 37 272 ± 3 | 2082 ± 74 264 ± 4 | 2181 ± 85 265 ± 10 | 0.18 0.42 |
Protein (g) | 83 ± 1 | 88 ± 1 | 85 ± 1 | 87 ± 2 | 83 ± 3 | 0.82 |
Fat, total (g) | 77 ± 1 | 76 ± 1 | 76 ± 1 | 79 ± 1 | 79 ± 2 | 0.16 |
SFA, total (g) | 25.1 ± 0.5 | 24.3 ± 0.4 | 24.2 ± 0.4 | 26.0 ± 0.6 | 26.1 ± 1.0 | 0.12 |
Lauric acid (12:0) (g) | 0.6 ± 0.1 | 0.6 ± 0.1 | 0.6 ± 0.0 | 0.6 ± 0.0 | 0.7 ± 0.1 | 0.30 |
Myristic acid (14:0) (g) | 2.0 ± 0.1 | 1.9 ± 0.1 | 2.0 ± 0.1 | 2.1 ± 0.1 | 2.1 ± 0.2 | 0.21 |
Palmitic acid (16:0) (g) | 13.9 ± 0.2 | 13.6 ± 0.2 | 13.4 ± 0.2 | 14.3 ± 0.3 | 14.3 ± 0.5 | 0.15 |
Stearic acid (18:0) (g) | 6.4 ± 0.2 | 6.2 ± 0.1 | 6.1 ± 0.1 | 6.7 ± 0.2 | 6.6 ± 0.3 | 0.19 |
MUFA, total (g) | 28.6 ± 0.5 | 28.0 ± 0.4 | 27.8 ± 0.4 | 29.5 ± 0.6 | 29.2 ± 0.9 | 0.23 |
Oleic acid (18:1n-9) (g) | 26.7 ± 0.5 | 26.1 ± 0.4 | 25.9 ± 0.4 | 27.5 ± 0. 6 | 27.3 ± 0.9 | 0.23 |
PUFA, total (g) | 16.6 ± 0.3 | 16.4 ± 0.3 | 17.1 ± 0.3 | 16.4 ± 0.6 | 16.8 ± 0.6 | 0.84 |
LA (18:2n-6) (g) | 14.7 ± 0.3 | 14.5 ± 0.3 | 15.1 ± 0.3 | 14.5 ± 0.5 | 14.9 ± 0.5 | 0.79 |
ALA (18:3n-3) (g) | 1.5 ± 0.0 | 1.4 ± 0.0 | 1.5 ± 0.0 | 1.4 ± 0.0 | 1.4 ± 0.1 | 0.46 |
EPA (20:5n-3 (g) | 0.04 ± 0.01 | 0.04 ± 0.01 | 0.03 ± 0.01 | 0.03 ± 0.01 | 0.04 ± 0.01 | 0.59 |
DPA (22:5n-3) (g) | 0.02 ± 0.00 | 0.02 ± 0.00 | 0.03 ± 0.00 | 0.02 ± 0.00 | 0.02 ± 0.00 | 0.85 |
DHA (22:6n-3) (g) | 0.08 ± 0.02 | 0.08 ± 0.01 | 0.08 ± 0.01 | 0.07 ± 0.01 | 0.08 ± 0.01 | 0.62 |
LCn-3, total (g) | 0.14 ± 0.03 | 0.15 ± 0.01 | 0.13 ± 0.02 | 0.12 ± 0.02 | 0.14 ± 0.03 | 0.62 |
Nutrient | Normal Weight n = 1403 | Overweight n = 1946 | Obese—Grade 1 n = 1217 | Obese—Grade 2 n = 538 | Obese—Grade 3 n = 362 | p for Linear Trend |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Energy (kcal) | 2206 ± 44 | 2086 ± 38 | 2009 ± 55 * | 1981 ± 53 * | 1956 ± 84 * | 0.004 |
Carbohydrate (g) | 250 ± 3 | 249 ± 2 | 248 ± 3 | 240 ± 4 | 251 ± 4 | 0.55 |
Protein (g) | 76 ± 1 | 78 ± 1 | 78 ± 1 | 80 ± 2 | 77 ± 2 | 0.19 |
Fat, total (g) | 71 ± 1 | 72 ± 1 | 72 ± 1 | 75 ± 1 * | 75 ± 2 | 0.03 |
SFA, total (g) | 23.3 ± 0.4 | 23.4 ± 0.3 | 23.4 ± 0.4 | 25.1 ± 0.6 * | 24.3 ± 0.6 | 0.02 |
Lauric acid (12:0) (g) | 0.7 ± 0.5 | 0.7 ± 0.03 | 0.7 ± 0.05 | 0.6 ± 0.05 | 0.6 ± 0.04 | 0.49 |
Myristic acid (14:0) (g) | 1.9 ± 0.1 | 1.9 ± 0.1 | 1.9 ± 0.1 | 2.1 ± 0.1 | 2.0 ± 0.1 | 0.12 |
Palmitic acid (16:0) (g) | 12.8 ± 0.2 | 12.9 ± 0.2 | 12.8 ± 0.3 | 13.8 ± 0.3 | 13.4 ± 0.3 | 0.01 |
Stearic acid (18:0) (g) | 6.0 ± 0.1 | 6.1 ± 0.1 | 6.1 ± 0.1 | 6.5 ± 0.1 * | 6.2 ± 0.2 | 0.04 |
MUFA, total (g) | 26.2 ± 0.4 | 26.3 ± 0.3 | 26.4 ± 0.4 | 27.5 ± 0.5 | 27.3 ± 0.7 | 0.06 |
Oleic acid (18:1n-9) (g) | 24.4 ± 0.3 | 24.6 ± 0.3 | 24.6 ± 0.4 | 25.6 ± 0.5 | 25.4 ± 0.7 | 0.08 |
PUFA, total (g) | 15.2 ± 0.3 | 15.7 ± 0.4 | 16.0 ± 0.3 | 15.6 ± 0.4 | 16. 6 ± 0.9 | 0.19 |
LA (18:2n-6) (g) | 13.4 ± 0.3 | 13.7 ± 0.3 | 14.1 ± 0.3 | 13.8 ± 0.3 | 14.7 ± 0.9 | 0.20 |
ALA (18:3n-3) (g) | 1.3 ± 0.0 | 1.4 ± 0.1 | 1.4 ± 0.0 | 1. 4 ± 0.0 | 1.5 ± 0.1 | 0.17 |
EPA (20:5n-3 (g) | 0.04 ± 0.01 | 0.03 ± 0.03 | 0.04 ± 0.04 | 0.04 ± 0.01 | 0.03 ± 0.01 | 0.13 |
DPA (22:5n-3) (g) | 0.02 ± 0.00 | 0.02 ± 0.00 | 0.02 ± 0.00 | 0.02 ± 0.00 | 0.02 ± 0.00 | 0.47 |
DHA (22:6n-3) (g) | 0.08 ± 0.01 | 0.06 ± 0.00 | 0.07 ± 0.01 | 0.07 ± 0.01 | 0.05 ± 0.01 * | 0.04 |
LCn-3, total (g) | 0.14 ± 0.02 | 0.11 ± 0.01 | 0.13 ± 0.01 | 0.12 ± 0.02 | 0.10 ± 0.01 | 0.07 |
Nutrient | Normal Weight n = 1297 | Overweight n = 1546 | Obese—Grade 1 n = 1011 | Obese—Grade 2 n = 488 | Obese—Grade 3 n = 336 | p for Linear Trend |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Energy (kcal) | 2187 ± 41 | 2228 ± 41 | 2166 ± 50 | 2080 ± 53 | 2219 ± 57 | 0.53 |
Carbohydrate (g) | 266 ± 3 | 264 ± 2 | 261 ± 3 | 262 ± 3 | 260 ± 4 | 0.27 |
Protein (g) | 80 ± 1 | 81 ± 1 | 83 ± 1 | 84 ± 1 | 83 ± 2 | 0.06 |
Fat, total (g) | 80 ± 1 | 80 ± 1 | 82 ± 1 | 84 ± 1 * | 87 ± 2 * | <0.0001 |
SFA, total (g) | 26.5 ± 0.4 | 25.9 ± 0.4 | 27.0 ± 0.4 | 28.0 ± 0.5 | 28.6 ± 0.7 * | <0.001 |
Lauric acid (12:0) (g) | 0.8 ± 0.0 | 0.7 ± 0.0 | 0.8 ± 0.1 | 0.7 ± 0.1 | 0.7 ± 0.1 | 0.53 |
Myristic acid (14:0) (g) | 2.2 ± 0.1 | 2.1 ± 0.1 | 2.2 ± 0.1 | 2.3 ± 0.1 | 2.3 ± 0.1 | 0.12 |
Palmitic acid (16:0) (g) | 14.4 ± 0.2 | 14.1 ± 0.2 | 14.7 ± 0.2 | 15.2 ± 0.3 | 15.6 ± 0.3 * | <0.001 |
Stearic acid (18:0) (g) | 6.8 ± 0.1 | 6.7 ± 0.1 | 7.0 ± 0.1 | 7.3 ± 0.2 | 7.5 ± 0.2 * | <0.001 |
MUFA, total (g) | 29.4 ± 0.4 | 29.4 ± 0.4 | 30.0 ± 0.4 | 31.0 ± 0.6 | 31.8 ± 0.7 * | 0.001 |
Oleic acid (18:1n-9) (g) | 27.4± 0.4 | 27.5 ± 0.4 | 28.0 ± 0.4 | 28.8 ± 0.6 | 29.6 ± 0.7 * | <0.01 |
PUFA, total (g) | 17.2 ± 0.4 | 18.1 ± 0.4 | 18.1 ± 0.3 | 17.9 ± 0.5 | 18.9 ± 0.6 * | 0.03 |
LA (18:2n-6) (g) | 15.2 ± 0.3 | 16.0 ± 0.3 | 16.0 ± 0.2 | 15.9 ± 0.4 | 16.7 ± 0.5 * | 0.03 |
ALA (18:3n-3) (g) | 1.5 ± 0.1 | 1.6 ± 0.0 | 1.6 ± 0.0 | 1.6± 0.0 | 1.6 ± 0.1 | 0.20 |
EPA (20:5n-3 (g) | 0.03 ± 0.00 | 0.03 ± 0.00 | 0.04 ± 0.0 | 0.05 ± 0.01 | 0.03 ± 0.01 | 0.42 |
DPA (22:5n-3) (g) | 0.02 ± 0.00 | 0.02 ± 0.00 | 0.02 ± 0.00 | 0.02 ± 0.00 | 0.02 ± 0.00 | 0.19 |
DHA (22:6n-3) (g) | 0.05 ± 0.00 | 0.07 ± 0.01 * | 0.07 ± 0.01 | 0.08 ± 0.02 | 0.06 ± 0.01 | 0.41 |
LCn-3, total (g) | 0.10 ± 0.01 | 0.12 ± 0.01 | 0.13 ± 0.02 | 0.16 ± 0.03 | 0.10 ± 0.02 | 0.36 |
Nutrient | Normal Weight n = 3085 | Overweight n = 3266 | Obese—Grade 1 n = 1958 | Obese—Grade 2 n = 829 | Obese—Grade 3 n = 634 | p for Linear Trend |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Energy (kcal) | 2179 ± 31 | 2208 ± 20 | 2155 ± 23 | 2206 ± 38 | 2125 ± 41 | 0.32 |
Carbohydrate (g) | 266 ± 1 | 258 ± 1 * | 254 ± 2 * | 257 ± 3 * | 258 ± 3 | 0.02 |
Protein (g) | 82 ± 1 | 85 ± 1 * | 85 ± 1 * | 84 ± 1 | 87 ± 2 * | 0.03 |
Fat, total (g) | 79 ± 1 | 82 ± 1 * | 84 ± 1 * | 86 ± 1 * | 85 ± 1 * | <0.0001 |
SFA, total (g) | 25.7 ± 0.3 | 26.7 ± 0.2 * | 27.2 ± 0.3 * | 28.0 ± 0.4 * | 28.7 ± 0.5 * | <0.0001 |
Lauric acid (12:0) (g) | 0.8 ± 0.0 | 0.8 ± 0.0 | 0.7 ± 0.0 | 0.9 ± 0.1 | 0.8 ± 0.0 | 0.18 |
Myristic acid (14:0) (g) | 2.2 ± 0.0 | 2.2 ± 0.0 | 2.2 ± 0.0 | 2.3 ± 0.1 | 2.5 ± 0.1 * | <0.001 |
Palmitic acid (16:0) (g) | 13.9 ± 0.2 | 14.4 ± 0.1 * | 14.8 ± 0.2 * | 15.1 ± 0.2 * | 15.9 ± 0.2 * | <0.0001 |
Stearic acid (18:0) (g) | 6.4 ± 0.1 | 6.8 ± 0.1 * | 7.0 ± 0.1 * | 7.2 ± 0.1 * | 7.3 ± 0.1 * | <0.0001 |
MUFA, total (g) | 28.8 ± 0.2 | 29.8 ± 0.2 * | 30.7 ± 0.3 * | 31.2± 0.4 * | 30.7 ± 0.4 * | <0.001 |
Oleic acid (18:1n-9) (g) | 26.9 ± 0.2 | 27.8 ± 0.2 * | 28.7 ± 0.3 * | 29.1 ± 0.4 * | 28.6 ± 0.4 * | <0.001 |
PUFA, total (g) | 18.2 ± 0.3 | 18.6 ± 0.2 | 18.9 ± 0.3 | 19.3 ± 0.4 | 18.3 ± 0.4 | 0.51 |
LA (18:2n-6) (g) | 16.1 ± 0.2 | 16.4 ± 0.2 | 16. 8 ± 0.3 | 17.1 ± 0.4 | 16.1 ± 0.4 | 0.50 |
ALA (18:3n-3) (g) | 1.6 ± 0.0 | 1.7 ± 0.0 | 1.6 ± 0.0 | 1.7 ± 0.0 | 1.6 ± 0.0 | 0.75 |
EPA (20:5n-3 (g) | 0.05 ± 0.01 | 0.05 ± 0.00 | 0.04 ± 0.00 * | 0.04 ± 0.01 | 0.05 ± 0.01 | 0.44 |
DPA (22:5n-3) (g) | 0.02 ± 0.00 | 0.02 ± 0.00 | 0.02 ± 0.00 | 0.02 ± 0.00 | 0.02 ± 0.00 | 0.56 |
DHA (22:6n-3) (g) | 0.09 ± 0.01 | 0.08 ± 0.01 | 0.07 ± 0.01 | 0.08 ± 0.01 | 0.08 ± 0.01 | 0.49 |
LCn-3, total (g) | 0.16 ± 0.01 | 0.15 ± 0.01 | 0.13 ± 0.0 | 0.14 ± 0.02 | 0.15 ± 0.03 | 0.54 |
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Raatz, S.K.; Conrad, Z.; Johnson, L.K.; Picklo, M.J.; Jahns, L. Relationship of the Reported Intakes of Fat and Fatty Acids to Body Weight in US Adults. Nutrients 2017, 9, 438. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9050438
Raatz SK, Conrad Z, Johnson LK, Picklo MJ, Jahns L. Relationship of the Reported Intakes of Fat and Fatty Acids to Body Weight in US Adults. Nutrients. 2017; 9(5):438. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9050438
Chicago/Turabian StyleRaatz, Susan K, Zach Conrad, LuAnn K Johnson, Matthew J Picklo, and Lisa Jahns. 2017. "Relationship of the Reported Intakes of Fat and Fatty Acids to Body Weight in US Adults" Nutrients 9, no. 5: 438. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9050438