Evidence for Involvement of IL-9 and IL-22 in Cows’ Milk Allergy in Infants
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants and Study Design
2.2. Open Oral Challenge Test with Cows’ Milk
2.3. Blood Tests
2.4. Skin Prick Tests
2.5. Plasma Cytokine Concentrations
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Study Population
3.2. Effect of Dietary Treatment on Plasma Cytokine Concentrations
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
AAF | free amino acid formula |
BF | breast fed |
CM | cows’ milk |
CMA | cows’ milk allergy |
HSF | hydrolysed soy protein formula |
IFN | interferon |
IgE | immunoglobulin E |
IL | interleukin |
SPT | skin prick test |
TNF | tumor necrosis factor |
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Characteristic | HSF | AAF | BF |
---|---|---|---|
Number | 26 | 20 | 11 |
Sex: | |||
Female, n (%) | 9 (36) | 11 (52) | 5 (45) |
Male, n (%) | 17 (64) | 9 (48) | 6 (55) |
Mean age at T0 (months) | 8.0 ± 0.8 | 5.6 ± 0.6 | - |
(range) | 2–17 | 2–13 | |
Mean age at T1 (months) | 12.0 ± 0.8 | 9.4 ± 0.6 | 12.5 ± 1.8 |
(range) | 6–21 | 6–17 | 8–25 |
Mode of birth: | |||
Cesarean, n (%) | 23 (89) ** | 19 (97) ** | 3 (27) |
Vaginal, n (%) | 3 (11) ** | 1 (3) ** | 8 (73) |
Birth weight (g) | 3122 ± 56 | 3115 ± 41 | 3158 ± 88 |
Length at birth (cm) | 47.9 ± 0.4 | 47.9 ± 0.9 | 47.8 ± 0.6 |
Exclusive breastfeeding (months) | 2.7 ± 0.5 * | 2.4 ± 0.4 * | 4.9 ± 0.3 |
Maternal age (years) | 29.3 ± 1.5 | 30.5 ± 1.7 | 26.3 ± 0.9 |
Maternal education: | |||
High school, n (%) | 8 (30) ** | 8 (40) ** | 100 (11) |
College, n (%) | 19 (70) ** | 12 (60) ** | 0 (0) |
Clinical Description | HSF (n = 26) | AAF (n = 20) |
---|---|---|
Type of allergy: | ||
Immunoglobulin (IgE) mediated | 7 (27) | 3 (15) |
Non-IgE mediated | 15 (58) | 16 (80) |
Mixed | 4 (15) | 1 (5) |
Clinical symptoms: | ||
Gastrointestinal | ||
Diarrhea/constipation/colic | 11 (42) | 5 (20) |
Vomiting/regurgitation/reflux | 7 (27) | 5 (25) |
Colitis/blood in stools | 13 (50) | 13 (65) |
Respiratory | ||
Wheeze | 6 (23) | 1 (5) |
Skin | ||
Contact urticaria | 11 (42) | 4 (20) |
Atopic dermatitis | 0 (0) | 1 (5) |
Systemic | ||
Anaphylaxis | 1 (4) | 1 (5) |
Failure to thrive | 0 (0) | 4 (20) |
Marker of Allergy | Infants with CMA (n = 46) |
---|---|
ImmunoCap negative, % (n) | 39 (18) |
Blood eosinophils (cells/mm3) * | 232.3 (72.0–693.9) |
Total IgE (IU/mL) * | 8.55 (2.3–195.0) |
Cows’ milk protein-specific IgE (IU/mL) * | 1.94 (0.04–77.64) |
Anti-alpha lactalbumin IgE (IU/mL) * | 1.47 (0.08–35.08) |
Anti-beta lactalbumin IgE (IU/mL) * | 1.38 (2.98–25.0) |
Anti-casein IgE (IU/mL) * | 1.12 (0.002–39.36) |
Anti-soya IgE (IU/mL) * | 0.0 (0.0–3.52) |
Cytokine | CMA (T0) | CMA (T1) | P for CMA (T0) vs. CMA (T1) | BF | P for CMAT0 vs. BF * |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
IL-1β | 2.0 (2.0–48.0) | 2.0 (2.0–15.5) | 0.132 | 2.0 (2.0–13.3) | 0.324 |
IL-2 | 10.0 (10.0–71.56) | 39.9 (10.0–65.6) | 0.948 | 17.8 (7.7–92.9) | 0.498 |
IL-4 | 35.9 (10.0–159.9) | 10.0 (10.0–60.9) | 0.001 | 10.0 (8.7–55.6) | 0.022 |
IL-9 | 1.0 (1.0–20.3) | 1.0 (1.0–7.5) | 0.003 | 2.7 (1.2–5.8) | 0.038 |
IL-12p70 | 1.0 (1.0–19.1) | 1.0 (1.0–8.7) | 0.083 | 1.0 (1.0–14.3) | 0.905 |
IL-13 | 48.4 (3.0–58.7) | 13.0 (3.0–55.5) | 0.001 | 3.8 (2.2–20.2) | <0.01 |
IL-17A | 1.50 (1.50–84.5) | 10.5 (1.5–40.6) | 0.002 | 6.9 (1.0–21.3) | 0.039 |
IL-22 | 145.7 (20.0–278.5) | 103.2 (20.0–176.8) | 0.018 | 109.5 (20.0–166.8) | 0.128 |
TNF-α | 4.9 (1.4–58.8) | 3.4 (1.0–46.7) | 0.247 | 8.1 (1.3–29.8) | 0.229 |
IFN-γ | 1.0 (1.0–45.9) | 1.0 (1.0–85.6) | 0.138 | 5.8 (1.0–81.9) | 0.033 |
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Barros, K.V.; Flor Silveira, V.L.; Laranjeira, M.S.; Wandalsen, N.F.; Passeti, S.; De Oliveira, R.; Munekata, R.V.; Noakes, P.S.; Miles, E.A.; Calder, P.C. Evidence for Involvement of IL-9 and IL-22 in Cows’ Milk Allergy in Infants. Nutrients 2017, 9, 1048. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9101048
Barros KV, Flor Silveira VL, Laranjeira MS, Wandalsen NF, Passeti S, De Oliveira R, Munekata RV, Noakes PS, Miles EA, Calder PC. Evidence for Involvement of IL-9 and IL-22 in Cows’ Milk Allergy in Infants. Nutrients. 2017; 9(10):1048. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9101048
Chicago/Turabian StyleBarros, Karina V., Vera L. Flor Silveira, Marisa S. Laranjeira, Neusa F. Wandalsen, Susana Passeti, Roberta De Oliveira, Regina V. Munekata, Paul S. Noakes, Elizabeth A. Miles, and Philip C. Calder. 2017. "Evidence for Involvement of IL-9 and IL-22 in Cows’ Milk Allergy in Infants" Nutrients 9, no. 10: 1048. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9101048