Urinary Metabolomic Approach Provides New Insights into Distinct Metabolic Profiles of Glutamine and N-Carbamylglutamate Supplementation in Rats
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Animal Experiment and Sample Collection
2.2. Sample Preparation and NMR Spectroscopy
2.3. NMR Spectroscopic Processes and Analysis
3. Results
3.1. 1H NMR Spectra of Urine Samples
3.2. Multivariate Data Analysis of NMR Data
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Keys | Metabolites | Moieties | δ 1H (ppm) and Multiplicity | Samples |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Bile acids | CH3 | 0.64(m), 0.75(m) | U |
2 | α-Hydroxy-iso-valerate | δCH3, CH3 | 0.83(d), 0.97(d) | U |
3 | α-Hydroxybutyrate | CH3 | 0.89(t) | U |
4 | Propionate | CH3 | 1.06(t) | U |
5 | Isobutyrate | CH3 | 1.13(d) | U |
6 | Ethanol | CH3 | 1.19(t) | U |
7 | Methylmalonate | CH3, CH | 1.25(d), 3.75(m) | U |
8 | α-Hydroxy-n-valerate | CH3, γCH2 | 0.89(t), 1.31(m) | U |
9 | Lactate | αCH, βCH3 | 4.14(q), 1.33(d) | U |
10 | Alanine | αCH, βCH3 | 3.77(q), 1.47(d) | U |
11 | Citrulline | γCH2, βCH2 | 1.56(m), 1.82(m) | U |
12 | Acetate | CH3 | 1.92(s) | U |
13 | Acetamide | CH3 | 1.99(s) | U |
14 | N-Acetylglutamate | βCH2, γCH2, CH3 | 2.06(m), 1.87(m), 2.03(s) | U |
15 | Acetone | CH3 | 2.24(s) | U |
16 | Acetoacetate | CH3 | 2.28(s) | U |
17 | Pyruvate | CH3 | 2.33(s) | U |
18 | Succinate | CH2 | 2.40(s) | U |
19 | α-Ketoglutarate | βCH2, γCH2 | 2.45(t), 3.01(t) | U |
20 | Citrate | CH2 | 2.54(d), 2.68(d) | U |
21 | Methylamine | CH3 | 2.61(s) | U |
22 | Dimethylamine | CH3 | 2.71(s) | U |
23 | Methylguanidine | CH3 | 2.81(s) | U |
24 | Trimethylamine | CH3 | 2.88(s) | U |
25 | Dimethylglycine | CH3 | 2.93(s) | U |
26 | Creatine | CH3, CH2 | 3.04(s), 3.93(s) | U |
27 | Creatinine | CH3, CH2 | 3.04(s), 4.05(s) | U |
28 | Ornithine | CH2 | 3.06(t) | U |
29 | Ethanolamine | CH2 | 3.11(t) | U |
30 | Malonate | CH2 | 3.15(s) | U |
31 | Choline | OCH2, NCH2, N(CH3)3 | 4.07(t), 3.53(t), 3.21(s) | U |
32 | Taurine | –CH2-S, –CH2–NH2 | 3.27(t), 3.43(t) | U |
33 | TMAO a | CH3 | 3.27(s) | U |
34 | Glycine | CH2 | 3.57(s) | U |
35 | Sarcosine | CH2 | 3.6(s) | U |
36 | Phenylacetyglycine | 2,6–CH, 3,5–CH, 7–CH, 10–CH | 7.30(t), 7.36(m), 7.42(m), 3.67(s) | U |
37 | Hippurate | CH2, 3,5–CH, 4–CH, 2,6–CH | 3.97(d), 7.55(t), 7.63(t), 7.84(d) | U |
38 | N-Methylnicotinamide | CH3, 5–CH, 4–CH, 6–CH, CH2 | 4.42(s), 8.21(d), 8.87(d), 8.93(d), 9.24(s) | U |
39 | β-Glucose | 1–CH, 2–CH, 3–CH, 4–CH, 5–CH, 6–CH | 4.47(d), 3.25(dd), 3.49(t), 3.41(dd), 3.46(m), 3.73(dd), 3.90(dd) | U |
40 | α-Glucose | 1–CH, 2–CH, 3–CH, 4–CH, 5–CH, 6–CH | 5.24(d), 3.54(dd), 3.71(dd), 3.42(dd), 3.84(m), 3.78(m) | U |
41 | Allantoin | CH | 5.39(s) | U |
42 | Urea | NH2 | 5.82(s) | U |
43 | Homogentisate | 6–CH, 5–CH | 6.67(d), 6.82(d) | U |
44 | p-Hydroxyphenylacetate | 6–CH, 2–CH, 3,5–CH | 3.6(s), 6.85(d), 7.15(d) | U |
45 | m-Hydroxyphenylacetate | 6–CH, 4–CH, 3–CH | 6.92(m), 7.04(d), 7.26(t) | U |
46 | Indoxyl sulfate | 4–CH, 5–CH, 6–CH, 7–CH, CH | 7.51(m), 7.22(m), 7.28(m), 7.71(m), 7.37(s) | U |
47 | Nicotinate | 2,6–CH, 4–CH, 5–CH | 8.60(d), 8.25(d), 7.5(dd) | U |
48 | 4-Aminohippurate | CH2, CH | 7.6(d), 6.8(d), 3.9(d) | U |
49 | Benzoate | 2,6–CH, 3,5–CH, 4–CH | 7.87(d), 7.49(dd), 7.56(t) | U |
50 | Trigonelline | 2–CH, 4–CH, 6–CH, 5–CH, CH3 | 9.09(s), 8.85(m), 8.81(dd), 8.07(m), 4.44(s) | U |
51 | Formate | CH | 8.46(s) | U |
Metabolite | B (vs. A) a | C (vs. A) a | B (vs. C) a |
---|---|---|---|
Acetamide (13) | 0.608 | −0.728 | 0.906 |
Acetate (12) | 0.713 | −0.742 | 0.768 |
Citrulline (11) | 0.758 | −0.962 | 0.966 |
Creatine (26) | — | −0.790 | 0.783 |
Creatinine (27) | 0.723 | 0.717 | — |
Ethanol (6) | −0.630 | 0.692 | −0.631 |
Formate (51) | −0.621 | — | — |
Glycine (34) | — | −0.616 | — |
Hippurate (37) | — | −0.914 | 0.906 |
Homogentisate (43) | — | −0.810 | 0.834 |
Indoxyl sulfate (46) | — | 0.786 | −0.786 |
Lactate (9) | — | 0.653 | — |
Methylmalonate (7) | 0.738 | 0.608 | −0.653 |
N-Acetylglutamate (14) | — | −0.967 | 0.978 |
Phenylacetyglycine (36) | — | −0.634 | — |
α-Hydroxy-n-valerate (8) | −0.684 | — | — |
α-Ketoglutarate (19) | — | — | −0.623 |
Acetoacetate (16) | — | 0.786 | −0.815 |
Acetone (15) | — | −0.912 | 0.944 |
m-Hydroxyphenylacetate (45) | — | 0.815 | −0.883 |
p-Hydroxyphenylacetate (44) | — | −0.813 | 0.844 |
Sarcosine (35) | — | 0.865 | −0.853 |
α-Hydroxy-iso-valerate (2) | — | 0.607 | — |
Pyruvate (4) | — | — | −0.608 |
Methylamine (21) | — | — | −0.635 |
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Liu, G.; Cao, W.; Fang, T.; Jia, G.; Zhao, H.; Chen, X.; Wu, C.; Wang, J. Urinary Metabolomic Approach Provides New Insights into Distinct Metabolic Profiles of Glutamine and N-Carbamylglutamate Supplementation in Rats. Nutrients 2016, 8, 478. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8080478
Liu G, Cao W, Fang T, Jia G, Zhao H, Chen X, Wu C, Wang J. Urinary Metabolomic Approach Provides New Insights into Distinct Metabolic Profiles of Glutamine and N-Carbamylglutamate Supplementation in Rats. Nutrients. 2016; 8(8):478. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8080478
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiu, Guangmang, Wei Cao, Tingting Fang, Gang Jia, Hua Zhao, Xiaoling Chen, Caimei Wu, and Jing Wang. 2016. "Urinary Metabolomic Approach Provides New Insights into Distinct Metabolic Profiles of Glutamine and N-Carbamylglutamate Supplementation in Rats" Nutrients 8, no. 8: 478. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8080478