Usual Intake of Key Minerals among Children in the Second Year of Life, NHANES 2003–2012
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
2.2. Nutrient Intake
2.3. Analytic Sample
2.4. Covariates
2.5. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Disclaimer
Abbreviations
AAP | American Academy of Pediatrics |
B24/P | Birth to 24 Months and Pregnancy |
CI | Confidence Interval |
EAR | Estimated Average Requirement |
FITS | Feeding Infants and Toddler Study |
HHS | Health and Human Services |
NHANES | National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey |
RDA | Recommended Dietary Allowance |
UL | Tolerable Upper Intake Level |
USDA | United States Department of Agriculture |
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Mean (95% Confidence Interval) | |||
---|---|---|---|
Iron (mg) | Calcium (mg) | Zinc (mg) | |
Total (n = 1122) | 9.5 (9.0, 10.0) | 1046 (1002, 1090) | 7.1 (6.9, 7.4) |
Sex | |||
Male (n = 574) | 9.8 (9.1, 10.5) | 1050 (992, 1108) | 7.3 (7.0, 7.7) a |
Female (n = 548) | 9.1 (8.5, 9.7) | 1041 (985, 1097) | 6.9 (6.7, 7.2) b |
Race/ethnicity 3 | |||
Non-Hispanic white (n = 332) | 9.6 (8.9, 10.4) a | 1055 (981, 1128) | 7.2 (6.8, 7.6) |
Non-Hispanic black (n = 261) | 10.2 (9.4, 11.1) a | 983 (909, 1056) | 7.2 (6.6, 7.7) |
Mexican American (n = 357) | 8.5 (8.0, 9.1) b | 1047 (993, 1100) | 7.2 (6.8, 7.5) |
Poverty status | |||
Income to poverty ratio <1.85 (n = 684) | 9.4 (8.8, 9.9) | 1020 (973, 1068) | 7.2 (6.9, 7.5) |
Income to poverty ratio 1.85 to <3.5 (n = 204) | 9.2 (8.3, 10.1) | 1056 (962, 1149) | 7.0 (6.5, 7.5) |
Income to poverty ratio ≥3.5 (n = 174) | 9.8 (8.7, 10.9) | 1095 (1011, 1180) | 7.1 (6.6, 7.6) |
% (95% Confidence Interval) | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Iron | Calcium | Zinc | |||||||
% below EAR (3 mg/Day) | % below RDA (7 mg/Day) | % above UL (40 mg/Day) | % below EAR (500 mg/Day) | % below RDA (700 mg/Day) | % above UL (2500 mg/Day) | % below EAR (2.5 mg/Day) | % below RDA (3 mg/Day) | % above UL (7 mg/Day) | |
Total (n = 1122) | 0.4 (0.2, 0.6) | 26.1 (21.7, 30.4) | 0 | 2.0 (1.3, 2.7) | 11.2 (8.7, 13.7) | 0 | 0 | 0.1 (0, 0.2) | 50.8 (45.4, 56.1) |
Sex | |||||||||
Male (n = 574) | 0.5 (0.1, 0.8) | 25.0 (18.9, 31.1) | 0 | 2.8 (1.4, 4.2) a | 13.1 (8.7, 17.6) | 0 | 0 | 0.2 (0, 0.3) | 46.8 (39.0, 54.6) |
Female (n = 548) | 0.4 (0, 0.7) | 26.9 (20.5, 33.3) | 0 | 1.2 (0.6, 1.8) b | 9.4 (6.5, 12.4) | 0 | 0 | 0.1 (0, 0.2) | 55.3 (48.2, 62.5) |
Race/ethnicity 4 | |||||||||
Non-Hispanic white (n = 332) | 0.3 (0, 0.7) a,b | 24.3 (18.1, 30.4) a | 0 | 2.1 (1.0, 3.1) a,b | 11.5 (7.0, 16.1) a,b | 0 | 0 | 0 a | 48.2 (37.6, 58.9) |
Non-Hispanic black (n = 261) | 0 (0, 0.2) a | 18.7 (12.7, 24.8) a | 0 | 3.6 (1.1, 6.1) b | 17.4 (10.4, 24.4) b | 0 | 0 (0, 0) | 0. 3 (0.1, 0.4) b | 51.7 (40.7, 62.6) |
Mexican American (n = 357) | 0.8 (0.2, 1.4) b | 36.4 (29.6, 43.1) b | 0 | 1.3 (0.5, 2.2) a | 9.6 (6.4, 12.8) a | 0 | 0 | 0 (0, 0.2) a | 50.6 (42.4, 58.9) |
Poverty status | |||||||||
Income to poverty ratio <1.85 (n = 684) | 0.2 (0.1, 0.4) | 23.1 (16.7, 29.4) | 0 | 2.3 (1.3, 3.2) | 13.8 (10.2, 17.4) a | 0 | 0 | 0.1 (0, 0.2) a,b | 50.0 (43.2, 56.7) |
Income to poverty ratio 1.85 to <3.5 (n = 204) | 0.7 (0.1, 1.4) | 32.8 (22.8, 42.8) | 0 | 2.5 (0.8, 4.1) | 12.0 (6.9, 17.1) a,b | 0 (0, 0) | 0 | 0.2 (0, 0.4) a | 53.3 (42.7, 63.8) |
Income to poverty ratio ≥3.5 (n = 174) | 0.5 (0, 1.1) | 27.8 (19.5, 36.1) | 0 | 1.8 (0.2, 3.4) | 9.0 (4.5, 13.4) b | 0 (0, 0) | 0 | 0 b | 50.4 (38.0, 62.7) |
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Hamner, H.C.; Perrine, C.G.; Scanlon, K.S. Usual Intake of Key Minerals among Children in the Second Year of Life, NHANES 2003–2012. Nutrients 2016, 8, 468. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8080468
Hamner HC, Perrine CG, Scanlon KS. Usual Intake of Key Minerals among Children in the Second Year of Life, NHANES 2003–2012. Nutrients. 2016; 8(8):468. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8080468
Chicago/Turabian StyleHamner, Heather C., Cria G. Perrine, and Kelley S. Scanlon. 2016. "Usual Intake of Key Minerals among Children in the Second Year of Life, NHANES 2003–2012" Nutrients 8, no. 8: 468. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8080468