Dietary Intake of Trans Fatty Acids in Children Aged 4–5 in Spain: The INMA Cohort Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Participants
2.2. Dietary Assessment
2.3. Covariates
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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All Cohorts (n = 1793) | Asturias (n = 387) | Guipuzcoa (n = 395) | Sabadell (n = 429) | Valencia (n = 582) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
g/day | E% 1 | g/day | E% 1 | g/day | E% 1 | g/day | E% 1 | g/day | E% 1 | |
Total TFA intake | ||||||||||
Mean 2 | 1.36 | 0.77 | 1.40 | 0.76 | 1.22 | 0.74 | 1.35 | 0.74 | 1.43 | 0.81 |
S.D. 2 | 0.45 | 0.17 | 0.47 | 0.16 | 0.38 | 0.17 | 0.41 | 0.17 | 0.50 | 0.18 |
Percentile 3 | ||||||||||
P10 | 0.85 | 0.56 | 0.89 | 0.56 | 0.77 | 0.54 | 0.89 | 0.56 | 0.86 | 0.59 |
P25 | 1.03 | 0.65 | 1.08 | 0.65 | 0.93 | 0.62 | 1.07 | 0.63 | 1.06 | 0.68 |
P50 | 1.30 | 0.75 | 1.32 | 0.74 | 1.17 | 0.74 | 1.29 | 0.73 | 1.38 | 0.80 |
P75 | 1.60 | 0.87 | 1.59 | 0.86 | 1.46 | 0.85 | 1.60 | 0.83 | 1.73 | 0.92 |
P90 | 1.95 | 1.00 | 1.97 | 0.99 | 1.67 | 0.98 | 1.90 | 0.94 | 2.11 | 1.05 |
Industrial TFA intake | ||||||||||
Mean 2 | 0.60 | 0.34 | 0.54 | 0.30 | 0.54 | 0.33 | 0.63 | 0.35 | 0.65 | 0.37 |
S.D. 2 | 0.27 | 0.13 | 0.26 | 0.11 | 0.21 | 0.11 | 0.27 | 0.13 | 0.30 | 0.13 |
Percentile 3 | ||||||||||
P10 | 0.31 | 0.20 | 0.28 | 0.17 | 0.31 | 0.21 | 0.35 | 0.21 | 0.33 | 0.21 |
P25 | 0.42 | 0.26 | 0.38 | 0.22 | 0.39 | 0.25 | 0.45 | 0.26 | 0.45 | 0.28 |
P50 | 0.55 | 0.32 | 0.49 | 0.29 | 0.50 | 0.32 | 0.57 | 0.33 | 0.59 | 0.35 |
P75 | 0.73 | 0.40 | 0.64 | 0.35 | 0.66 | 0.38 | 0.76 | 0.41 | 0.81 | 0.44 |
P90 | 0.94 | 0.50 | 0.85 | 0.43 | 0.81 | 0.46 | 0.98 | 0.52 | 1.06 | 0.55 |
Natural TFA intake | ||||||||||
Mean 2 | 0.71 | 0.40 | 0.82 | 0.45 | 0.64 | 0.39 | 0.65 | 0.36 | 0.72 | 0.41 |
S.D. 2 | 0.28 | 0.12 | 0.31 | 0.13 | 0.26 | 0.12 | 0.23 | 0.10 | 0.28 | 0.11 |
Percentile 3 | ||||||||||
P10 | 0.40 | 0.26 | 0.48 | 0.29 | 0.36 | 0.23 | 0.40 | 0.23 | 0.41 | 0.27 |
P25 | 0.51 | 0.32 | 0.59 | 0.35 | 0.46 | 0.30 | 0.49 | 0.29 | 0.52 | 0.34 |
P50 | 0.67 | 0.39 | 0.80 | 0.43 | 0.60 | 0.38 | 0.62 | 0.35 | 0.70 | 0.40 |
P75 | 0.86 | 0.47 | 0.97 | 0.53 | 0.76 | 0.46 | 0.79 | 0.43 | 0.88 | 0.48 |
P90 | 1.10 | 0.56 | 1.21 | 0.62 | 0.97 | 0.55 | 0.95 | 0.49 | 1.11 | 0.56 |
Total TFA (mg/Day) | Industrial TFA (mg/Day) | Natural TFA (mg/Day) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
β 1 | 95% CI | I2, % 2 | β 1 | 95% CI | I2, % 2 | β 1 | 95% CI | I2, % 2 | |
Parental characteristics | |||||||||
Maternal age, years | −1.6 | −11.8; 8.6 | 81.3 3 | 0.7 | −4.4; 5.8 | 57.8 | −2.2 | −7.4; 2.9 | 64.7 3 |
Paternal age, years | −0.6 | −4.2; 3.1 | 59.6 | −0.5 | −3.2; 2.3 | 0.0 | −0.3 | −6.1; 5.5 | 81.0 3 |
Country of origin other than Spain | 45.5 | 1.3; 89.6 | 0.0 | −13.6 | −47.8; 20.5 | 0.0 | 65.7 | 37.4; 94.0 | 0.0 |
Mother’s educational level | |||||||||
Primary or no education | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. | |||
Secondary | −11.0 | −48.1; 26.0 | 25.6 | −1.5 | −42.9; 40.0 | 53.0 | −17.6 | −42.1; 6.9 | 25.9 |
University | −8.0 | −82.6; 66.6 | 61.3 | 15.3 | −49.7; 19.2 | 35.2 | 13.9 | −16.8; 44.6 | 44.0 |
Mother’s social class | |||||||||
Low | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | ref | |||
Middle | 11.1 | −28.2; 50.3 | 0.0 | 0.4 | −28.1; 29.6 | 26.3 | 5.0 | −21.9; 31.9 | 0.0 |
High | −1.1 | −43.0; 40.8 | 31.2 | −20.4 | −51.5; 10.7 | 20.4 | 16.0 | −12.7; 44.7 | 0.0 |
Child’s characteristics | |||||||||
Physical activity (parentally reported) | |||||||||
Sedentary | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. | |||
Active | −1.0 | −28.7; 26.6 | 0.0 | −16.4 | −37.0; 4.2 | 0.0 | 12.2 | −6.5; 30.9 | 0.0 |
TV viewing, h/day | 16.0 | −0.5; 32.6 | 39.9 | 18.3 | 5.9; 30.7 | 0.0 | −2.9 | −13.9; 8.1 | 22.4 |
Fruit and vegetable intake, 100 g/day | −85.5 | −104.8; −66.1 | 63.6 3 | −46.6 | −61.9; −31.3 | 67.7 3 | −36.9 | −44.9; −28.9 | 40.3 |
Sweetened beverage intake, 100 g/day | −27.6 | −41.1; −14.0 | 0.0 | 8.5 | −1.7; 18.7 | 0.0 | −34.8 | −43.6; −26.0 | 0.0 |
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Scholz, A.; Gimenez-Monzo, D.; Navarrete-Muñoz, E.M.; Garcia-de-la-Hera, M.; Fernandez-Somoano, A.; Tardon, A.; Santa Marina, L.; Irazabal, A.; Romaguera, D.; Guxens, M.; et al. Dietary Intake of Trans Fatty Acids in Children Aged 4–5 in Spain: The INMA Cohort Study. Nutrients 2016, 8, 625. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8100625
Scholz A, Gimenez-Monzo D, Navarrete-Muñoz EM, Garcia-de-la-Hera M, Fernandez-Somoano A, Tardon A, Santa Marina L, Irazabal A, Romaguera D, Guxens M, et al. Dietary Intake of Trans Fatty Acids in Children Aged 4–5 in Spain: The INMA Cohort Study. Nutrients. 2016; 8(10):625. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8100625
Chicago/Turabian StyleScholz, Alexander, Daniel Gimenez-Monzo, Eva Maria Navarrete-Muñoz, Manuela Garcia-de-la-Hera, Ana Fernandez-Somoano, Adonina Tardon, Loreto Santa Marina, Amaia Irazabal, Dora Romaguera, Mònica Guxens, and et al. 2016. "Dietary Intake of Trans Fatty Acids in Children Aged 4–5 in Spain: The INMA Cohort Study" Nutrients 8, no. 10: 625. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu8100625