Are BMI and Sedentariness Correlated? A Multilevel Study in Children
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Sample
2.2. Outcome Variables
2.3. Predictor Variables
2.3.1. At the Child Level
2.3.2. School Level
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results
Child-level Variables (mean ± SD or percentage) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Boys | Girls | Total | ||
BMI (kg·m−2) | 19.2 ± 3.3 | 19.3 ± 3.4 | 19.3 ± 3.4 | |
Sedentary mean (min·day−1) | 544 ± 66 * | 572 ± 59 | 560 ± 63 | |
MVPA (min·day−1) | 67 ± 23 * | 46 ± 15 | 55 ± 22 | |
Maturity Offset (years to PHV) | −2.78 ± 0.42 * | −1.25 ± 0.53 | −1.89 ± 0.90 | |
Sleep time (h·day−1) | 8.2 ± 0.9 * | 8.4 ± 0.8 | 8.3 ± 0.9 | |
Number of siblings | 0.98 ± 0.80 | 0.96 ± 0.82 | 0.96 ± 0.82 | |
Healthy diet score | −0.09 ± 1.00 * | 0.11 ± 0.99 | 0.03 ± 1.00 | |
Unhealthy diet score | 0.21 ± 1.21 * | −0.21 ± 0.68 | −0.04 ± 0.96 | |
Time at school (h·day−1) | 6.8 ± 0.4 | 6.8 ± 0.4 | 6.8 ± 0.4 | |
BMI Classification | ||||
Normal-weight | 57.6% | 42.4% | 55.5% | |
Overweight/obese | 52.7% | 47.3% | 44.5% | |
Media in Bedroom | ||||
No | 18.1% | 19.9% | 19.1% | |
Yes | 81.9% | 80.1% | 80.9% | |
School-level Variables (percentage) | ||||
Student’s access to cafeteria | ||||
No | 4.3% | |||
Yes | 95.7% | |||
Student’s access to fast food restaurant | ||||
No | 30.4% | |||
Yes | 69.6% | |||
Student’s access to drink vending machines | ||||
No | 73.9% | |||
Yes | 26.1% | |||
Student’s access to playground equipment during school hours | ||||
No | 91.3% | |||
Yes | 8.7% | |||
Student’s access to sports equipment outside school hours | ||||
No | 47.8% | |||
Yes | 52.2% |
Sed | BMI | Covariance | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Estimate | SE | Estimate | SE | Estimate | SE | |
Fixed Effects | ||||||
Intercept | 559.68 * | 3.93 | 19.26 * | 0.16 | ||
Random Effects | ||||||
School-level | ||||||
Variance | 196.81 * | 104.24 | 0.17 ns | 0.18 | ||
Covariance (σSL) | 1.68 ns | 3.07 | ||||
Correlation (ρSL) | 0.29 ns | |||||
Child-level | ||||||
Variance | 3818.05 * | 228.71 | 11.03 * | 0.66 | ||
Covariance (σCL) | −1.91 ns | 0.83 | ||||
Correlation (ρCL) | −0.01 ns | |||||
Deviance | 9493.6327 |
Sed | BMI | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Parameters | Null Model | Model 1 | Model 2 | Null Model | Model 1 | Model 2 |
Fixed Effects | ||||||
Intercept | −0.008 § (0.062) | 0.083 (0.14) | 1.05 (0.28) * | −0.004 ‡ (0.05) | 1.34 (0.13) * | 1.11 (0.27) * |
Sex | 0.06 (0.13) | 0.05 (0.13) | 1.97 (0.13) * | 1.97 (0.13) * | ||
Siblings | −0.03 (0.04) | −0.02 (0.04) | −0.01 (0.04) | −0.02 (0.04) | ||
Maturity offset | 0.07 (0.07) | 0.07 (0.07) | 1.25 (0.07) * | 1.25 (0.07) * | ||
Media bedroom | 0.01 (0.09) | 0.01 (0.09) | 0.26 (0.08) * | 0.26 (0.08) * | ||
MVPA | −0.02 (0.002) * | −0.02 (0.002) * | −0.004 (0.002) * | −0.005 (0.002) * | ||
Sleep time | −0.43 (0.04) * | −0.42 (0.04) * | −0.02 (0.04) | −0.02 (0.04) | ||
Healthy diet score | 0.02 (0.03) | 0.03 (0.03) | −0.09 (0.03) * | −0.09 (0.03) * | ||
Unhealthy diet score | −0.03 (0.04) | −0.03 (0.04) | −0.07 (0.04) ** | −0.07 (0.04) * | ||
Time at school | −0.06 (0.1) | −0.08 (0.09) | 0.13 (0.08) ** | 0.09 (0.09) | ||
Access to cafeteria | −0.97 (0.25) * | 0.24 (0.24) | ||||
Access to fast food restaurant | 0.16 (0.08) * | 0.04 (0.08) | ||||
Access to drink vending machine | −0.11 (0.09) | 0.02 (0.09) | ||||
Access to playground equipment | −0.67 (0.20) * | 0.08 (0.19) | ||||
Access to sport equipment outside school hour | −0.12 (0.08) | −0.06 (0.08) | ||||
Random Effects | ||||||
Between-school variance | 0.05 (0.03) | 0.03 (0.02) | 0.007 (0.007) | 0.02 (0.02) | 0.003 (0.007) | 0.003 (0.007) |
Within-school (child) variance | 0.95 (0.06) | 0.63 (0.04) | 0.63 (0.04) | 0.98 (0.06) | 0.60 (0.04) | 0.59 (0.04) |
Model Summary | ||||||
Deviance | 1634.4114 | 1396.9434 | 1374.8328 | 1643.2667 | 1342.2034 | 1340.4157 |
Number of estimated parameters | 3 | 12 | 17 | 3 | 12 | 17 |
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Gomes, T.N.; Katzmarzyk, P.T.; Santos, F.K.d.; De Chaves, R.N.; Santos, D.; Pereira, S.; Champagne, C.M.; Hedeker, D.; Maia, J. Are BMI and Sedentariness Correlated? A Multilevel Study in Children. Nutrients 2015, 7, 5889-5904. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7075258
Gomes TN, Katzmarzyk PT, Santos FKd, De Chaves RN, Santos D, Pereira S, Champagne CM, Hedeker D, Maia J. Are BMI and Sedentariness Correlated? A Multilevel Study in Children. Nutrients. 2015; 7(7):5889-5904. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7075258
Chicago/Turabian StyleGomes, Thayse Natacha, Peter T. Katzmarzyk, Fernanda Karina dos Santos, Raquel Nichele De Chaves, Daniel Santos, Sara Pereira, Catherine M. Champagne, Donald Hedeker, and José Maia. 2015. "Are BMI and Sedentariness Correlated? A Multilevel Study in Children" Nutrients 7, no. 7: 5889-5904. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7075258