Hibiscus sabdariffa Leaf Extract Inhibits Human Prostate Cancer Cell Invasion via Down-Regulation of Akt/NF-kB/MMP-9 Pathway
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Section
2.1. Preparation of H. Sabdariffa Leaf Extract and Functional Components Assay
Polyphenolic compound | Peak no. a | HLE (%) |
---|---|---|
Catechin | 3 | 5.3 ± 1.5 |
Ellagic acid | 6 | 33.6 ± 6.0 |
EGC | 8 | 0.9 ± 0.8 |
Total polyphenol (Folin-Ciocalteu method) | 5.2 ± 0.1 | |
Total flavonoid (Jia method) | 21.0 ± 1.7 | |
Total anthocyanin (Fuleki and Francis method) | 1.9 ± 1.2 |
2.2. High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) Assay for HLE
2.3. Cell Culture and Treatment
2.4. Assessment of Cell Viability
2.5. Wound-Healing Assay
2.6. Cell Invasion Assay
2.7. Gelatin Zymography
2.8. Western Blot Analysis
2.9. Real-Time QuantitativeReverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (Real-Time qRT-PCR)
2.10. Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay (EMSA)
2.11. Transient Transfection
2.12. Xenograft Tumor Studies
2.13. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Composition of HLE
3.2. Effects of HLE on the Motility and Invasive Ability of LNCaP Cells
3.3. Effects of HLE on the MMPs Activities and Expressions of LNCaP Cells
3.4. Effects of HLE on the NF-κB Nuclear Translocation Level of LNCaP Cells
3.5. Effects of HLE on the PI3K/Akt Signaling in LNCaP Cells
3.6. Effects of Mutant Akt Expression Vector on HLE-Mediated Cellular Events
3.7. Effect of HLE on Tumor Growth and PI3K/Akt/MMP-9 Signaling Pathway in the Xenograft Model
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Chiu, C.-T.; Chen, J.-H.; Chou, F.-P.; Lin, H.-H. Hibiscus sabdariffa Leaf Extract Inhibits Human Prostate Cancer Cell Invasion via Down-Regulation of Akt/NF-kB/MMP-9 Pathway. Nutrients 2015, 7, 5065-5087. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7075065
Chiu C-T, Chen J-H, Chou F-P, Lin H-H. Hibiscus sabdariffa Leaf Extract Inhibits Human Prostate Cancer Cell Invasion via Down-Regulation of Akt/NF-kB/MMP-9 Pathway. Nutrients. 2015; 7(7):5065-5087. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7075065
Chicago/Turabian StyleChiu, Chun-Tang, Jing-Hsien Chen, Fen-Pi Chou, and Hui-Hsuan Lin. 2015. "Hibiscus sabdariffa Leaf Extract Inhibits Human Prostate Cancer Cell Invasion via Down-Regulation of Akt/NF-kB/MMP-9 Pathway" Nutrients 7, no. 7: 5065-5087. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7075065