Impact of Leucine Supplementation on Exercise Training Induced Anti-Cardiac Remodeling Effect in Heart Failure Mice
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Animals’ Care
2.2. Leucine Supplementation and Food Intake Measurement
2.3. Exercise Training
2.4. Cardiovascular Measurement
2.5. Skeletal Muscle Functional Assessment
2.6. Renal Parameters
2.7. Structural Analysis
2.8. Western Blot
2.9. Slot Blot
2.10. Assay of 26S Proteasome Activity
2.11. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Physiologic Parameters
Variable | WT | KO | KOL | KOT | KOLT |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Body weight (g) | |||||
Initial | 28.29 ± 1.62 (11) | 27.92 ± 0.82 (9) | 29.31 ± 0.87 (11) | 27.87 ± 1.49 (12) | 28.23 ± 1.25 (12) |
Final | 30.31 ± 1.81 (11) | 27.52 ± 0.80 (9) ≠ | 27.43 ± 0.88 (11) ≠ | 27.63 ± 1.70 (12) ≠ | 28.24 ± 1.02 (12) ≠ |
Food intake (g/g * 100) | |||||
Initial | 8.79 ± 1.46 (8) | 8.47 ± 1.05 (8) | 8.50 ± 0.64 (8) | 8.92 ± 0.51 (8) | 8.86 ± 0.82 (8) |
Final | 8.74 ± 0.92 (8) | 8.70 ± 0.67 (8) | 8.73 ± 0.81 (8) | 9.22 ± 0.84 (8) | 8.87 ± 0.47 (8) |
Lung wet:dry ratio | 2.32 ± 1.32 (9) | 7.94 ± 1.82 (9) ≠ | 7.88 ± 2.00 (9) ≠ | 2.82 ± 1.30 (10) #& | 3.23 ± 1.14 (11) #& |
Liver wet:dry ratio | 1.62 ± 0.24 (9) | 3.37 ± 0.41 (9) ≠ | 3.02 ± 0.70 (9) ≠ | 2.24 ± 0.40 (10) ≠#& | 2.24 ± 0.42 (11) ≠#& |
RV (mg/mm * 100) | 1.53 ± 0.23 (9) | 1.54 ± 0.31 (9) | 1.40 ± 0.12 (9) | 1.37 ± 0.18 (10) | 1.30 ± 0.28 (11) |
LV (mg/mm * 100) | 4.97 ± 0.46 (9) | 5.28 ± 0.68 (9) | 5.34 ± 0.56 (9) | 4.98 ± 0.61 (10) | 4.80 ± 1.14 (11) |
Cardiac mass (mg/mm * 100) | 6.92 ± 0.61 (9) | 7.43 ± 0.85 (9) | 6.71 ± 0.69 (9) | 6.66 ± 1.37 (10) | 6.89 ± 0.56 (11) |
Kidney mass (mg/mm * 100) | 0.17 ± 0.01 (8) | 0.17 ± 0.01 (8) | 0.18 ± 0.02 (9) | 0.18 ± 0.03 (8) | 0.19 ± 0.03 (8) |
Blood urea nitrogen (mg/dL) | 35.91 ± 1.81 (8) | 40.74 ± 7.49 (8) | 39.54 ± 9.30 (8) | 36.00 ± 7.96 (8) | 36.05 ± 9.28 (8) |
Urinary creatinine (mg/dL) | 3.98 ± 0.93 (8) | 3.27 ± 0.49 (8) | 3.12 ± 0.51 (8) | 4.44 ± 1.16 (8) #& | 4.52 ± 0.64 (8) #& |
Blood creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.34 ± 0.06 (8) | 0.38 ± 0.02 (8) | 0.38 ± 0.05 (8) | 0.36 ± 0.04 (8) | 0.37 ± 0.08 (8) |
Creatinine clearance (μL/min/kg) | 9.71 ± 1.81(8) | 12.27 ± 3.91 (8) | 9.20 ± 2.34 (8) | 18.04 ± 3.93 (8) ≠#& | 17.62 ± 6.55(8) ≠#& |
Protein urinary (mg/24 h) | 2.68 ± 1.22 (8) | 10.32 ± 2.50 (8) ≠ | 9.06 ± 1.47 (8) ≠ | 6.07 ± 3.43 (8) ≠#& | 5.01 ± 1.67 (8) ≠#& |
Lipid hydroperoxides (nmol/mg protein) | 224.36 ± 39.20 (7) | 468.49 ± 42.50 (7) ≠ | 472.40 ± 37.56 (7) ≠ | 312.14 ± 36.18 (7) #& | 308.73 ± 33.26 (7) #& |
3.2. Exercise Tolerance and HR
3.3. Systolic Function and Cardiac Morphology
3.4. 26S-Proteasome Activity, Ubiquitinated and Misfolded Protein
3.5. Heat Shock Protein Expression
3.6. Skeletal Muscle Functional
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgements
Financial Support
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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De Moraes, W.M.A.M.; Melara, T.P.; De Souza, P.R.M.; De Salvi Guimarães, F.; Bozi, L.H.M.; Brum, P.C.; Medeiros, A. Impact of Leucine Supplementation on Exercise Training Induced Anti-Cardiac Remodeling Effect in Heart Failure Mice. Nutrients 2015, 7, 3751-3766. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7053751
De Moraes WMAM, Melara TP, De Souza PRM, De Salvi Guimarães F, Bozi LHM, Brum PC, Medeiros A. Impact of Leucine Supplementation on Exercise Training Induced Anti-Cardiac Remodeling Effect in Heart Failure Mice. Nutrients. 2015; 7(5):3751-3766. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7053751
Chicago/Turabian StyleDe Moraes, Wilson Max Almeida Monteiro, Thaís Plasti Melara, Pamella Ramona Moraes De Souza, Fabiana De Salvi Guimarães, Luiz Henrique Marchesi Bozi, Patricia Chakur Brum, and Alessandra Medeiros. 2015. "Impact of Leucine Supplementation on Exercise Training Induced Anti-Cardiac Remodeling Effect in Heart Failure Mice" Nutrients 7, no. 5: 3751-3766. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7053751