Diet-Quality and Socio-Demographic Factors Associated with Non-Nutritive Sweetener Use in the Australian Population
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data Collection
2.2. Coding
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Population Subgroups Comparisons
3.2. Major Dietary Sources of NNS
3.3. Food and Nutrient Intakes
4. Discussion
5. Limitations
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | Prevalence (%) | p-Value |
---|---|---|
All | 8.5 | - |
Age (years) | ||
2–3 (n = 464) | 4.8 | <0.0001 * |
4–8 (n = 789) | 4.9 | |
9–13 (n = 787) | 9.7 | |
14–18 (n = 772) | 11.4 | |
Gender | ||
Male (n = 1420) | 8.0 | 0.3105 |
Female (n = 1392) | 9.0 | |
Socioeconomic status | ||
Low (n = 478) | 6.0 | 0.0773 |
Medium (n = 1626) | 9.3 | |
High (n = 708) | 8.4 | |
Country of birth | ||
Australia (n = 2530) | 7.9 | <0.0001 * |
Other English-speaking countries (n = 123) | 20.8 | |
Other (n = 159) | 8.8 | |
Body mass index (BMI) status | ||
Underweight (n = 123) | 9.9 | 0.0231 |
Normal (n = 1595) | 7.5 | |
Overweight (n = 427) | 11.3 | |
Obese (n = 158) | 12.3 | |
Physical activity | ||
Meets recommendations (n = 1195) | 7.9 | 0.6567 |
Does not meet recommendations (n = 1617) | 7.4 | |
Energy reporting status | ||
Low (n = 261) | 14.8 | 0.0005 |
Plausible (n = 1956) | 8.1 | |
High (n = 101) | 4.8 |
Characteristics | Prevalence (%) | p-Value |
---|---|---|
All | 18.2 | - |
Age (years) | ||
19–30 (n = 1592) | 16.0 | 0.0178 |
31–50 (n = 3565) | 18.5 | |
51–70 (n = 2906) | 19.4 | |
71 and over (n = 1278) | 19.0 | |
Gender | ||
Male (n = 4282) | 16.8 | <0.0003 * |
Female (n = 5059) | 19.7 | |
Socioeconomic status | ||
Low (n = 1760) | 19.4 | 0.3347 |
Medium (n = 5547) | 18.1 | |
High (n = 2134) | 17.6 | |
Education | ||
High school or less (n = 3636) | 18.3 | 0.0854 |
Vocational college (n = 2193) | 18.0 | |
University (n = 3369) | 18.6 | |
Country of birth | ||
Australia (n = 6627) | 20.2 | <0.0001 * |
Other English-speaking countries (n = 1152) | 17.6 | |
Other (n = 1562) | 11.9 | |
BMI status | ||
Underweight (n = 116) | 7.2 | <0.0001 * |
Normal (n = 2678) | 12.6 | |
Overweight (n = 2883) | 18.9 | |
Obese (n = 2196) | 25.7 | |
Physical activity | ||
Meets recommendations (n = 4593) | 19.1 | 0.0423 |
Does not meet recommendations (n = 4678) | 17.4 | |
Self-reported diabetes | ||
Yes (n = 640) | 38.4 | <0.0001 * |
No (n = 8701) | 17.0 | |
Weight-loss diet | ||
Yes (n = 615) | 35.1 | <0.0001 * |
No (n = 8726) | 17.0 | |
Smoking | ||
Yes (n = 1769) | 17.3 | 0.2846 |
No (n = 7572) | 18.4 | |
Energy reporting status | ||
Low (n = 1587) | 24.0 | <0.0001 * |
Plausible (n = 6200) | 17.3 | |
High (n = 137) | 10.3 |
Male | Female | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C | NC | p-value | C | NC | p-value | |
Dietary component | ||||||
Energy (kJ) | 8300 | 8578 | 0.3117 | 7404 | 7212 | 0.3896 |
Nutrients | ||||||
Carbohydrates (%E) | 48.1 | 50.1 | 0.0045 | 50.6 | 49.9 | 0.2880 |
Total Sugars (%E) | 21.2 | 22.7 | 0.0276 | 24.4 | 23.0 | 0.0387 |
Free Sugar (%E) | 11.3 | 13.2 | 0.0048 | 13.4 | 12.7 | 0.3064 |
Total Fat (%E) | 30.9 | 31.0 | 0.9586 | 30.7 | 31.2 | 0.4039 |
Saturated Fat (%E) | 13.5 | 13.7 | 0.6564 | 13.8 | 13.6 | 0.5630 |
MUFA (%E) | 11.5 | 11.3 | 0.5186 | 10.9 | 11.4 | 0.0970 |
PUFA (%E) | 4.1 | 4.1 | 0.8603 | 4.0 | 4.2 | 0.1458 |
Protein (%E) | 18.1 | 16.1 | <0.0001 * | 15.7 | 16.1 | 0.3869 |
Sodium (mg) | 2479 | 2489 | 0.8964 | 2002 | 2038 | 0.5795 |
Fibre (%E) | 2.0 | 2.0 | 0.3230 | 2.0 | 2.1 | 0.1348 |
Food Groups | ||||||
Discretionary Foods (%E) | 32.7 | 37.0 | 0.0132 | 36.9 | 36.1 | 0.6092 |
Grains and Cereals (serves) | 4.8 | 4.8 | 0.8514 | 3.9 | 3.9 | 0.6923 |
Meat & Alternatives (serves) | 1.6 | 1.2 | <0.0001 * | 0.9 | 1.0 | 0.3615 |
Dairy & alternatives (serves) | 2.1 | 1.6 | 0.0001 * | 1.5 | 1.4 | 0.3213 |
Fruit (serves) | 1.5 | 1.8 | 0.1438 | 1.8 | 1.6 | 0.2588 |
Vegetables (serves) | 1.7 | 1.9 | 0.2168 | 1.3 | 1.6 | 0.0195 |
Male | Female | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C | NC | p-value | C | NC | p-value | |
Dietary component | ||||||
Energy (kJ) | 9665 | 9863 | 0.1573 | 7238 | 7408 | 0.0684 |
Nutrients | ||||||
Carbohydrates (%E) | 42.8 | 43.4 | 0.1154 | 42.3 | 43.8 | <0.0001 * |
Total Sugars (%E) | 18.1 | 18.7 | 0.0789 | 19.2 | 19.9 | 0.0209 |
Free Sugar (%E) | 9.2 | 10.7 | <0.0001 * | 9.2 | 10.3 | <0.0001 * |
Total Fat (%E) | 30.5 | 30.3 | 0.5978 | 31.1 | 31.3 | 0.4329 |
Saturated Fat (%E) | 11.9 | 12.0 | 0.4937 | 11.9 | 12.2 | 0.1099 |
MUFA (%E) | 11.8 | 11.6 | 0.2112 | 11.9 | 11.9 | 0.8910 |
PUFA (%E) | 4.7 | 4.6 | 0.1968 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 0.5831 |
Protein (%E) | 19.5 | 17.9 | <0.0001 * | 19.9 | 18.1 | <0.0001 * |
Sodium (mg) | 2838 | 2677 | 0.0005 * | 2112 | 2062 | 0.0979 |
Fibre (%E) | 2.2 | 2.1 | 0.2967 | 2.3 | 2.4 | 0.0613 |
Food Groups | ||||||
Discretionary Foods (%E) | 33.7 | 34.4 | 0.307 | 30.4 | 30.6 | 0.8011 |
Grains and Cereals (serves) | 5.0 | 5.2 | 0.0912 | 3.7 | 3.9 | 0.0011 |
Meat and Alternatives (serves) | 2.2 | 2.1 | 0.3305 | 1.7 | 1.6 | 0.0139 |
Dairy and alternatives (serves) | 1.7 | 1.4 | <0.0001 * | 1.5 | 1.3 | <0.0001 * |
Fruit (serves) | 1.7 | 1.5 | 0.0496 | 1.4 | 1.5 | 0.0474 |
Vegetables (serves) | 2.9 | 3.2 | 0.0013 | 2.8 | 3.0 | 0.0034 |
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Grech, A.; Kam, C.O.; Gemming, L.; Rangan, A. Diet-Quality and Socio-Demographic Factors Associated with Non-Nutritive Sweetener Use in the Australian Population. Nutrients 2018, 10, 833. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10070833
Grech A, Kam CO, Gemming L, Rangan A. Diet-Quality and Socio-Demographic Factors Associated with Non-Nutritive Sweetener Use in the Australian Population. Nutrients. 2018; 10(7):833. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10070833
Chicago/Turabian StyleGrech, Amanda, Chi On Kam, Luke Gemming, and Anna Rangan. 2018. "Diet-Quality and Socio-Demographic Factors Associated with Non-Nutritive Sweetener Use in the Australian Population" Nutrients 10, no. 7: 833. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10070833