Association between Serum Phospholipid Fatty Acid Levels and Adiposity among Lebanese Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Population and Recruitment
2.2. Data Collection
2.3. Ethical Considerations
2.4. Analysis of Serum Phospholipid Fatty Acids
2.5. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Subjects Characteristics
3.2. Serum Phospholipid Fatty Acid Composition
3.3. Correlation between Serum Fatty Acids and Indicators of Obesity
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Mean ± SD or N (%) Total N = 395 | Mean ± SD or N (%) Men N = 129 | Mean ± SD or N (%) Women N = 266 | p Value a | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age, years | 44.5 ± 15.3 | 38.8 ± 16.3 | 47.3 ± 14.0 | <0.0001 |
Anthropometry | ||||
Weight, kg | 75.2 ± 15.5 | 81.2 ± 15.5 | 72.2 ± 15.6 | <0.0001 |
Height, cm | 161.5 ± 9.8 | 172.2 ± 6.5 | 156.3 ± 6.4 | <0.0001 |
Body-fat, kg | 28.1 ± 11.4 | 22.6 ± 10.9 | 30.74± 10.7 | <0.0001 |
BMI, kg/m2 | 28.9 ± 5.7 | 27.4 ± 5.0 | 29.6 ± 5.9 | 0.0003 |
Percent body-fat, % | 36.8 ± 10.9 | 26.7 ± 8.8 | 41.6 ± 8.1 | <0.0001 |
Waist circumference, cm | 94.5 ± 15.3 | 96.1 ± 12.7 | 93.8 ± 16.4 | NS |
BMI cut points, N (%) | 0.01 | |||
Underweight and normoweight N (<25 kg/m2) | 103 (26.1%) | 42 (32.6%) | 61 (22.9%) | |
Overweight (25–29.99 kg/m2) | 132 (33.4%) | 48 (37.2%) | 84 (31.6%) | |
Obese (≥30 kg/m2) | 160 (40.5%) | 39 (30.2%) | 121 (45.5%) | |
Percent body-fat cut points, N (%) | <0.0001 | |||
Normal ≤25% for men ≤35% for women | 58 (44.9%) | 51 (19.2%) | ||
Obese >25% for men >35% for women | 71 (55.1%) | 215 (80.8%) | ||
Waist circumference cut points, N (%) | <0.0001 | |||
Normal <94 cm for men <80 cm for women | 53 (41.1%) | 50 (18.8%) | ||
Increased risk of metabolic complications (94–102 cm) for men (80–88 cm) for women | 39 (30.2%) | 53 (19.9%) | ||
Substantially increased risk for metabolic complications >102 cm for men >88 cm for women | 37 (28.7%) | 163 (91.3%) | ||
Menopausal status, N (%) | ||||
Pre-menopause | 142 (53.4%) | |||
Post-menopause | 124 (46.6%) | |||
Lifestyle factors | ||||
Physical activity, total Mets/week | 1731.9 ± 2129.7 | 1805.9 ± 2270.4 | 1696.0 ± 2061.5 | NS |
Smoking, N (% of current smokers) | 258 (65.3%) | 99 (76.7%) | 159 (59.8%) | 0.001 |
Nutritional factors | ||||
Energy intake, kcal/day | 3361.2 ± 1969.9 | 4839.4 ± 2411.7 | 2644.3 ± 1174.9 | <0.0001 |
Protein intake, g/day | 109.9 ± 73.9 | 160.5 ± 83.4 | 85.4 ± 54.1 | <0.0001 |
Percent of total energy intake | 13.2 | 13.6 | 13.0 | NS |
Carbohydrate intake, g/day | 415.9 ± 242.6 | 583.8 ± 301.1 | 334.5 ± 152.9 | <0.0001 |
Percent of total energy intake | 50.5 | 49.2 | 51.2 | 0.03 |
Total fat intake, g/day | 138.7 ± 88.9 | 195.1 ± 109.4 | 111.4 ± 60.8 | <0.0001 |
Percent of total energy intake | 36.8 | 35.8 | 37.3 | NS |
Alcohol intake, g/day | 7.4 ± 37.8 | 22.4 ± 63.8 | 0.18 ± 1.1 | <0.0001 |
Percent of total energy intake | 0.86 | 2.53 | 0.05 | <0.0001 |
Mean (95% CI) a N = 395 | Mean (95% CI) a Men N = 129 | Mean (95% CI) a Women N = 266 | p Value b | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Saturated fatty acids (SFAs) | ||||
14:0 (myristic acid) | 0.19 (0.18; 0.20) | 0.17 (0.16; 0.19) | 0.20 (0.18; 0.21) | 0.04 |
15:0 (pentanoic acid) | 0.14 (0.13; 0.143) | 0.13 (0.11; 0.14) | 0.14 (0.13; 0.15) | 0.004 |
16:0 (palmitic acid) | 23.16 (22.86; 23.46) | 22.68 (22.01;23.36) | 23.40 (23.09; 23.70) | 0.03 |
17:0 (heptadecanoic acid) | 0.41 (0.40; 0.42) | 0.39 (0.38; 0.41) | 0.41 (0.40; 0.42) | 0.02 |
18:0 (stearic acid) | 15.13 (14.99;15.26) | 14.98 (14.77; 15.19) | 15.20 (15.02; 15.37) | NS |
Monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) | ||||
cis-MUFAs | ||||
16:1n-7 (palmitoleic acid) | 0.59 (0.57; 0.61) | 0.56 (0.53; 0.59) | 0.61 (0.58; 0.63) | 0.03 |
18:1n-5 | 0.03 (0.029; 0.034) | 0.037 (0.034; 0.04) | 0.033 (0.031; 0.035) | NS |
18:1n-7 (cis-vaccenic acid) | 1.24 (1.22; 1.26) | 1.23 (1.20; 1.27) | 1.25 (1.22; 1.27) | NS |
18:1n-9 (oleic acid) | 9.12 (8.99; 9.25) | 9.40 (9.17; 9.64) | 8.99 (8.84; 9.15) | 0.003 |
trans-MUFAs | ||||
16:1n-7/9 (palmitelaidic acid) | 0.22 (0.21; 0.23) | 0.22 (0.21;0.23) | 0.22 (0.21; 0.23) | NS |
18:1n-9/12 (elaidic acid) | 0.14 (0.13; 0.15) | 0.14 (0.13; 0.15) | 0.14 (0.129; 0.145) | NS |
18:1n-7 (vaccenic acid) | 0.03 (0.02; 0.04) | 0.07 (0.06; 0.08) | 0.065 (0.061; 0.069) | NS |
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) | ||||
cis n-6 PUFAs | ||||
18:2n-6 (linoleic acid) | 24.42 (24.12; 24.72) | 24.89 (24.32; 25.48) | 24.19 (23.84; 24.54) | 0.03 |
18:3n-6 (γ-linolenic acid) | 0.16 (0.15; 0.17) | 0.16 (0.14;0.17) | 0.16 (0.15; 0.17) | NS |
20:3n-6 (di-homo-γ-linolenic acid) | 4.12 (4.02; 4.22) | 3.86 (3.69; 4.03) | 4.25 (4.12; 4.37) | 0.0003 |
20:4n-6 (arachidonic acid) | 13.49 (13.25; 13.74) | 13.39 (12.94; 13.87) | 13.53 (13.25; 13.82) | NS |
22:4n-6 (adrenic acid) | 0.60 (0.59; 0.61) | 0.61 (0.59; 0.63) | 0.59 (0.58; 0.61) | NS |
22:5n-6 (osbond acid) | 0.47 (0.46; 0.49) | 0.44 (0.42;0.47) | 0.49 (0.47;0.51) | 0.003 |
Trans-n-6 PUFAs | ||||
Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) | 0.078 (0.07;0.08) | 0.077 (0.071; 0.083) | 0.078 (0.074; 0.082) | NS |
18:2ct, 18:2tc, 18:2tt (trans linoleic acid) | 0.89 (0.80; 0.90) | 0.099 (0.092; 0.11) | 0.081 (0.077; 0.085) | <0.0001 |
cis-n-9 PUFA | ||||
20:3n-9 (mead acid) | 0.095 (0.092; 0.098) | 0.090 (0.084; 0.097) | 0.096 (0.092; 0.10) | 0.04 |
cis-n-3 PUFA | ||||
18:3n-3ccc (α-linolenic acid) | 0.11 (0.11; 0.12) | 0.12 (0.11; 0.13) | 0.11 (0.10; 0.12) | NS |
20:5n-3 (eicosapentaenoic acid, EPA) | 0.30 (0.29; 0.32) | 0.32 (0.29; 0.36) | 0.30 (0.28; 0.31) | NS |
22:5n-3 (docosapentaenoic acid, DPA) | 0.71 (0.69,0.73) | 0.78 (0.74; 0.81) | 0.68 (0.66;0.70) | <0.0001 |
22:6n-3 (docosahexaenoic acid, DHA) | 2.84 (2.77; 2.91) | 2.89 (2.76;3.03) | 2.82 (2.73; 2.90) | NS |
Trans-n-3 PUFAs | ||||
18:3n-3cct, ctt, ttt (trans α-linolenic acid) | 0.01 (0.008; 0.012) | 0.01 (0.014; 0.017) | 0.01 (0.015; 0.017) | NS |
Groupings | ||||
Total SFAs | 39.25 (39.02; 39.47) | 38.65 (38.16; 39.14) | 39.54 (39.32; 39.77) | <0.0001 |
Total cis-MUFAs | 11.34 (11.19; 11.48) | 11.58 (11.33; 11.84) | 11.22 (11.05; 11.39) | 0.02 |
Total trans ruminant fatty acids | 0.14 (0.13; 0.15) | 0.15 (0.14; 0.16) | 0.14 (0.13; 0.145) | NS |
Total trans industrial fatty acids | 0.49 (0.48; 0.50) | 0.50 (0.48;0.52) | 0.48 (0.47; 0.50) | 0.007 |
Total trans fatty acids | 0.64 (0.63;0.66) | 0.66 (0.63;0.69) | 0.63 (0.61; 0.65) | 0.04 |
Total cis n-6 PUFAs | 44.23 (44.00; 44.46) | 44.34 (43.86; 44.83) | 44.17 (43.92; 44.42) | NS |
Total long-chain n-6 PUFAs | 19.33 (19.07; 19.59) | 18.93 (18.45; 19.43) | 19.52 (19.22; 19.82) | 0.04 |
Total cis n-3 PUFAs | 4.10 (4.01; 4.19) | 4.24 (4.07; 4.42) | 4.03 (3.93; 4.13) | 0.03 |
Total long-chain n-3 PUFAs | 3.97 (3.89; 4.06) | 4.11 (3.94;4.29) | 3.91 (3.81; 4.01) | 0.04 |
Long-chain n-6/n-3 PUFAs | 4.86 (4.74; 4.97) | 4.61 (4.41; 4.82) | 4.99 (4.85; 5.13) | 0.002 |
Ratio n-6/n-3 PUFAs | 10.78 (10.53;11.04) | 10.46 (10.00; 10.94) | 10.94 (10.65; 11.25) | NS |
Desaturation indexes | ||||
Desaturation index16 (16:1n-7cis/16:0) | 0.026 (0.025;0.026) | 0.025 (0.024;0.026) | 0.026 (0.025; 0.027) | NS |
Desaturation index18 (18:1n-9cis/18:0) | 0.60 (0.59; 0.61) | 0.63 (0.61;0.65) | 0.59 (0.58; 0.60) | 0.003 |
Men (N = 129) | Women (N = 266) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fatty Acids (Percentage of Total Fatty Acids) | r | p | q b | r | p | q b | p of Heterogeneity |
Saturated fatty acids (SFAs) | |||||||
Pentadecanoic acid (15:0) | 0.17 | 0.06 | 0.26 | -0.009 | 0.88 | 0.88 | NS |
Heptadecanoic acid (17:0) | −0.09 | 0.30 | 0.44 | −0.11 | 0.07 | 0.12 | NS |
Palmitic acid (16:0) | 0.19 | 0.03 | 0.22 | 0.04 | 0.53 | 0.69 | NS |
Stearic acid (18:0) | 0.11 | 0.22 | 0.43 | 0.26 | <0.0001 | <0.001 | NS |
Total SFA c | 0.40 | <0.0001 | <0.001 | 0.33 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.03 |
cis-Monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) | |||||||
Palmitoleic acid (16:1n-7,9) | 0.18 | 0.049 | 0.24 | 0.15 | 0.01 | 0.03 | NS |
Oleic acid (18:1n-9) | −0.09 | 0.34 | 0.46 | −0.20 | 0.001 | 0.006 | NS |
Total cis-MUFA d | −0.12 | 0.19 | 0.43 | −0.20 | 0.001 | 0.006 | NS |
n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) | |||||||
Linoleic acid (18:2n-6) | −0.07 | 0.44 | 0.55 | −0.05 | 0.45 | 0.64 | NS |
γ-Linolenic acid (18:3n-6) | 0.05 | 0.57 | 0.65 | 0.17 | 0.006 | 0.03 | NS |
Arachidonic acid (20:4n-6) | −0.10 | 0.26 | 0.43 | 0.03 | 0.66 | 0.75 | NS |
Total n-6 PUFAs e | −0.09 | 0.29 | 0.44 | −0.05 | 0.38 | 0.57 | NS |
Total long-chain n-6 PUFAs f | −0.03 | 0.73 | 0.75 | 0.04 | 0.48 | 0.65 | NS |
cis-n-3 PUFAs | |||||||
α-linolenic acid (18:3n-3) | 0.18 | 0.04 | 0.24 | −0.12 | 0.06 | 0.11 | 0.02 |
Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3) | 0.09 | 0.31 | 0.44 | 0.14 | 0.02 | 0.05 | NS |
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) | −0.24 | 0.009 | 0.10 | −0.03 | 0.61 | 0.75 | NS |
Total n-3 PUFAs g | −0.14 | 0.12 | 0.35 | −0.03 | 0.63 | 0.75 | NS |
Total long-chain n-3 PUFAs h | −0.16 | 0.08 | 0.26 | −0.02 | 0.74 | 0.79 | NS |
Industrial trans fatty acids (iTFAs) | |||||||
Palmitelaidic acid (16:1n-9) | 0.11 | 0.23 | 0.43 | −0.12 | 0.05 | 0.10 | NS |
Elaidic acid (18:1n-9/12) | −0.14 | 0.13 | 0.35 | −0.14 | 0.02 | 0.05 | NS |
Linoleic acid (18:2tt, ct, tc) | −0.04 | 0.62 | 0.66 | −0.15 | 0.01 | 0.03 | NS |
α-Linolenic acid (18:3n-3ctt, ttc) | 0.22 | 0.01 | 0.10 | 0.07 | 0.24 | 0.40 | NS |
Total iTFAs | 0.009 | 0.92 | 0.92 | −0.17 | 0.007 | 0.03 | NS |
Ruminant trans fatty acids (rTFAs) | |||||||
Vaccenic acid (18:1n-7) | −0.16 | 0.07 | 0.26 | −0.12 | 0.05 | 0.11 | NS |
Conjugated linoleic acids (CLAs, 9c-11t; 10t, 12c) | 0.05 | 0.59 | 0.65 | −0.06 | 0.32 | 0.51 | NS |
Total rTFAs | −0.05 | 0.54 | 0.65 | −0.11 | 0.06 | 0.11 | NS |
Ratio | |||||||
n-6 PUFAs/n-3 PUFAs | 0.10 | 0.26 | 0.43 | 0.018 | 0.77 | 0.79 | NS |
Long-chain n-6 PUFA/long-chain n-3 PUFAs | 0.08 | 0.38 | 0.49 | 0.02 | 0.68 | 0.75 | NS |
Desaturation index16 (DI16, 16:1/16:0) | 0.12 | 0.20 | 0.43 | 0.13 | 0.03 | 0.07 | NS |
Desaturation index18 (DI18, 18:1/18:0) | −0.11 | 0.22 | 0.43 | −0.26 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.03 |
Men (n = 129) | Women (n = 266) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fatty acids (Percentage of Total Fatty Acids) | r | p | q b | r | p | q b | p of Heterogeneity |
Saturated fatty acids (SFAs) | |||||||
Pentadecanoic acid (15:0) | 0.15 | 0.09 | 0.24 | −0.0007 | 0.99 | 0.99 | NS |
Heptadecanoic acid (17:0) | −0.13 | 0.14 | 0.28 | −0.06 | 0.32 | 0.48 | NS |
Palmitic acid (16:0) | 0.23 | 0.01 | 0.06 | 0.01 | 0.86 | 0.94 | NS |
Stearic acid (18:0) | 0.03 | 0.77 | 0.77 | 0.26 | <0.0001 | <0.001 | 0.04 |
Total SFAs c | 0.37 | <0.0001 | <0.001 | 0.27 | <0.0001 | <0.001 | NS |
cis-Monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) | |||||||
Palmitoleic acid (16:1n-7,9) | 0.20 | 0.03 | 0.12 | 0.20 | 0.001 | 0.006 | NS |
Oleic acid (18:1n-9) | −0.04 | 0.66 | 0.74 | −0.10 | 0.11 | 0.25 | NS |
Total cis-MUFAs d | −0.076 | 0.41 | 0.61 | −0.09 | 0.13 | 0.26 | NS |
n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) | |||||||
Linoleic acid (18:2n-6) | −0.06 | 0.54 | 0.70 | −0.12 | 0.06 | 0.16 | NS |
γ-Linolenic acid (18:3n-6) | 0.05 | 0.56 | 0.70 | 0.24 | 0.0001 | 0.001 | NS |
Arachidonic acid (20:4n-6) | −0.14 | 0.12 | 0.26 | 0.05 | 0.40 | 0.52 | NS |
Total n-6 PUFAs e | −0.11 | 0.25 | 0.42 | −0.11 | 0.08 | 0.20 | NS |
Total long-chain n-6 PUFAs f | −0.07 | 0.47 | 0.67 | 0.07 | 0.23 | 0.41 | NS |
cis-n-3 PUFAs | |||||||
α-Linolenic acid (18:3n-3) | 0.19 | 0.04 | 0.12 | −0.07 | 0.25 | 0.41 | 0.027 |
Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3) | 0.03 | 0.72 | 0.75 | 0.21 | <0.001 | 0.004 | NS |
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) | −0.25 | 0.006 | 0.06 | 0.003 | 0.96 | 0.99 | NS |
Total n-3 PUFAs g | −0.18 | 0.04 | 0.12 | 0.05 | 0.44 | 0.55 | NS |
Total long-chain n-3 PUFAs h | −0.20 | 0.03 | 0.12 | 0.06 | 0.36 | 0.51 | NS |
Industrial trans fatty acids (iTFAs) | |||||||
Palmitelaidic acid (16:1n-9) | 0.10 | 0.28 | 0.44 | −0.14 | 0.03 | 0.10 | NS |
Elaidic acid (18:1n-9/12) | −0.18 | 0.04 | 0.12 | −0.10 | 0.12 | 0.26 | NS |
Linoleic acid (18:2tt, ct, tc) | −0.06 | 0.52 | 0.70 | −0.13 | 0.04 | 0.12 | NS |
α-Linolenic acid (18:3n-3ctt, ttc) | 0.22 | 0.01 | 0.06 | 0.08 | 0.17 | 0.32 | NS |
Total iTFAs | −0.03 | 0.70 | 0.74 | −0.14 | 0.02 | 0.07 | NS |
Ruminant trans fatty acids (rTFAs) | |||||||
Vaccenic acid (18:1n-7) | −0.24 | 0.008 | 0.06 | −0.05 | 0.39 | 0.52 | NS |
Conjugated linoleic acids (CLA, 9c-11t; 10t,12c) | −0.04 | 0.67 | 0.74 | −0.010 | 0.88 | 0.94 | NS |
Total rTFAs | −0.14 | 0.12 | 0.26 | −0.04 | 0.52 | 0.62 | NS |
Ratio | |||||||
n-6 PUFAs/n-3 PUFAs | 0.14 | 0.11 | 0.26 | −0.07 | 0.28 | 0.44 | NS |
Long-chain n-6 PUFAs/long-chain n-3 PUFAs | 0.12 | 0.19 | 0.36 | −0.03 | 0.62 | 0.71 | NS |
Desaturation index16 (DI16, 16:1/16:0) | 0.11 | 0.22 | 0.39 | 0.19 | 0.02 | 0.06 | NS |
Desaturation index18 (DI18, 18:1/18:0) | −0.03 | 0.71 | 0.75 | −0.19 | 0.002 | 0.01 | 0.04 |
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Yammine, S.G.; Naja, F.; Tamim, H.; Nasrallah, M.; Biessy, C.; Aglago, E.K.; Matta, M.; Romieu, I.; Gunter, M.J.; Nasreddine, L.; et al. Association between Serum Phospholipid Fatty Acid Levels and Adiposity among Lebanese Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study. Nutrients 2018, 10, 1371. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10101371
Yammine SG, Naja F, Tamim H, Nasrallah M, Biessy C, Aglago EK, Matta M, Romieu I, Gunter MJ, Nasreddine L, et al. Association between Serum Phospholipid Fatty Acid Levels and Adiposity among Lebanese Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study. Nutrients. 2018; 10(10):1371. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10101371
Chicago/Turabian StyleYammine, Sahar G., Farah Naja, Hani Tamim, Mona Nasrallah, Carine Biessy, Elom K. Aglago, Michèle Matta, Isabelle Romieu, Marc J. Gunter, Lara Nasreddine, and et al. 2018. "Association between Serum Phospholipid Fatty Acid Levels and Adiposity among Lebanese Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study" Nutrients 10, no. 10: 1371. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10101371