Satellite-Based Run-Off Model for Monitoring Drought in Peninsular Malaysia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Site
2.2. Datasets and Methods
2.2.1. Rainfall Retrieval from TRMM Multi Satellites Precipitation Analysis Data (TMPA)
2.2.2. Calibration for Evapotranspiration (ET) retrieval from MODIS16A Data Set
2.2.3. Accuracy Assessment
3. Results
3.1. Validation of TMPA Rainfall Calibrated with Un-Calibrated Data
3.2. Assessment of MODIS 16 Calibrated Data
3.3. Assessment of Spatial-Based Run-off Deficit
3.3.1. Land-Use Versus Run-off Deficiency Analysis
3.3.2. Comparison between Satellite-Based Run-Off and Actual River Flow
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix
No. | ID | Name | Types | Region | Latitude (° ′ ′′) | Longitude (° ′ ′′) | Height (m.s.l) (m) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 48604 | Chuping | A | Northwest | 6 29 00 | 100 16 00 | 22 |
2 | 48600 | Langkawi | A | Northwest | 6 20 00 | 099 44 00 | 6.4 |
3 | 48603 | Alor Setar | A | Northwest | 6 12 00 | 100 44 00 | 4 |
4 | 48602 | Butterworth | A | Northwest | 5 28 00 | 100 23 00 | 2 |
5 | 41529 | Perai | A | Northwest | 5 21 00 | 100 24 00 | 1 |
6 | 48601 | Bayan Lepas | A | Northwest | 5 18 00 | 100 15 00 | 3 |
7 | 48674 | Mersing | A | East | 2 27 00 | 103 50 00 | 43.6 |
8 | 48642 | Batu Embun | A | East | 3 58 00 | 102 21 00 | 59 |
9 | 48657 | Kuantan | A | East | 3 47 00 | 103 13 00 | 15 |
10 | 48653 | Temerloh | A | East | 3 28 00 | 102 23 00 | 39 |
11 | 48649 | Muadzam Shah | A | East | 3 03 00 | 103 05 00 | 33 |
12 | 48618 | Kuala Terengganu | A | East | 5 23 00 | 103 06 00 | 5 |
13 | 48619 | Kuala Terengganu M.C. | A | East | 5 20 00 | 103 08 00 | 35 |
14 | 48615 | Kota Bharu | A | East | 6 10 00 | 102 17 00 | 4.6 |
15 | 48616 | Kuala Krai | A | East | 5 32 00 | 102 12 00 | 68.3 |
16 | 48661 | Ulu Chanis | B | East | 2 48 45 | 102 56 15 | N/A |
17 | 48625 | Ipoh | A | West | 4 35 00 | 101 06 00 | 39 |
18 | 48620 | Sitiawan | A | West | 4 13 00 | 101 42 00 | 7 |
19 | 48623 | Lubuk Merbau | A | West | 4 48 00 | 100 54 00 | 77.2 |
20 | 48631 | Cameron Highlands | A | West (Highland) | 4 28 00 | 101 23 00 | 1472 |
21 | 48647 | Subang | A | West | 3 07 00 | 101 33 00 | 17 |
22 | 48648 | Petaling Jaya | A | West | 3 06 00 | 101 39 00 | 45.7 |
23 | 48650 | Sepang KLIA | A | West | 2 43 00 | 101 42 00 | 16.3 |
24 | 48658 | Ldg. Sungkai | B | West | 3 58 15 | 101 18 00 | N/A |
25 | 48665 | Melaka | A | Southwest | 2 16 00 | 102 15 00 | 9 |
26 | 48672 | Kluang | A | Southwest | 2 01 00 | 103 19 00 | 88.1 |
27 | 48670 | Batu Pahat | A | Southwest | 1 52 00 | 102 59 00 | 6.3 |
28 | 48679 | Senai | A | Southwest | 1 38 00 | 103 40 00 | 37.8 |
29 | 5721442 | Sg. Kelantan | C | East | 5 45 45 | 102 09 00 | N/A |
30 | 4809443 | Sg. Perak | C | West | 4 49 10 | 100 57 55 | N/A |
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El Nino Episode | |
---|---|
Beginning | End |
May 2002 | February 2003 |
June 2004 | June 2005 |
August 2006 | February 2007 |
June 2009 | May 2010 |
Region | No. of Gauges | Mean Monthly Rainfall (mm) Derived from | S/G ratio | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gauge | Uncalibrated TMPA | Calibrated TMPA | Uncalibrated | Calibrated | ||
Northwest | 6 | 202.15 | 138.26 | 172.83 | 0.68 | 0.90 |
East | 10 | 225.24 | 89.41 | 129.59 | 0.40 | 0.68 |
Southwest | 3 | 167.59 | 98.42 | 131.23 | 0.59 | 0.79 |
West | 9 | 210.21 | 149.87 | 187.34 | 0.71 | 0.92 |
Peninsular | 28 | 201.3 | 118.99 | 155.25 | 0.60 | 0.82 |
Station (ID) | Mean Ground Computed ET (mm/month) | Mean MODIS ET (mm/month) | Monthly S/G Ratio |
---|---|---|---|
Chuping (48604) | 147.3 | 205.4 | 1.4 |
Alor Setar (48603) | 149.5 | 126.3 | 0.8 |
Butterworth (48602) | 169.9 | 106.3 | 0.6 |
K. Bharu (48615) | 135.6 | 119.0 | 0.9 |
KualaTerengganu (48619) | 237.7 | 166.8 | 0.7 |
Ipoh (48625) | 155.6 | 35.0 | 0.2 |
Kuantan (48657) | 123.9 | 87.2 | 0.7 |
Subang (48647) | 133.6 | 139.5 | 1.0 |
Melaka (48665) | 132.8 | 79.7 | 0.6 |
Senai (48679) | 129.5 | 60.9 | 0.5 |
Run-off Deficit (%) | Land-Use (km2) | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Kelantan | Hulu Perak | |||||||||
F | OP | P | R | O | F | OP | P | R | O | |
100–80 | 903 | 55 | 84 | 104 | 98 | 137 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
79–60 | 1508 | 60 | 58 | 160 | 61 | 542 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
59–40 | 1780 | 112 | 103 | 302 | 98 | 722 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
39–20 | 3837 | 419 | 482 | 902 | 328 | 1409 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
<20 | 2510 | 121 | 234 | 533 | 172 | 453 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
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Hashim, M.; Reba, N.M.; Nadzri, M.I.; Pour, A.B.; Mahmud, M.R.; Mohd Yusoff, A.R.; Ali, M.I.; Jaw, S.W.; Hossain, M.S. Satellite-Based Run-Off Model for Monitoring Drought in Peninsular Malaysia. Remote Sens. 2016, 8, 633. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs8080633
Hashim M, Reba NM, Nadzri MI, Pour AB, Mahmud MR, Mohd Yusoff AR, Ali MI, Jaw SW, Hossain MS. Satellite-Based Run-Off Model for Monitoring Drought in Peninsular Malaysia. Remote Sensing. 2016; 8(8):633. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs8080633
Chicago/Turabian StyleHashim, Mazlan, Nadzri M. Reba, Muhammad I. Nadzri, Amin B. Pour, Mohd R. Mahmud, Abdull R. Mohd Yusoff, Mohamad I. Ali, S. W. Jaw, and Mohammad S. Hossain. 2016. "Satellite-Based Run-Off Model for Monitoring Drought in Peninsular Malaysia" Remote Sensing 8, no. 8: 633. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs8080633