Contrasting Responses of Planted and Natural Forests to Drought Intensity in Yunnan, China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Region
2.2. Materials
2.2.1. MODIS Data
2.2.2. Forests’ Inventory Data
2.2.3. Meteorological Drought Index
2.3. Methods
2.3.1. Selecting the Optimal SPEI
2.3.2. Drought Intensity-Related Indicators
2.3.3. Comparisons between Planted and Natural Forests
3. Results
3.1. Optimal SPEI for the Planted and Natural Forests
3.2. Potential Impacts of Drought on Forests
3.3. Comparisons of the Drought Responses by Planted and Natural Forests
3.4. Responses of Planted and Natural Forests to Drought Intensity
3.5. Application of the ForestApproximate Threshold in Small Regions
4. Discussion
4.1. Ecological Significance of the Optimal SPEI
4.2. Differences between Planted and Natural Forests
4.3. Potential Effects of Different Spatial Scales
4.4. Limitations and Prospects
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Groups | Elevation | Forest Type |
---|---|---|
Group 1 | 0–2000 m | Coniferous forest |
Group 2 | 2000–4000 m | Coniferous forest |
Group 3 | 4000–6000 m | Coniferous forest |
Group 4 | 0–2000 m | Mixed forest |
Group 5 | 2000–4000 m | Mixed forest |
Drought Severity | SPEI |
---|---|
Extreme drought | SPEI < −2 |
Severe drought | −2 < SPEI < −1.5 |
Moderate drought | −1.5 < SPEI < −1 |
Mild drought | −1 < SPEI < −0.5 |
Normal | −0.5 < SPEI < 0.5 |
Mild wet | 0.5 < SPEI < 1 |
Moderate wet | 1 < SPEI < 1.5 |
Severe wet | 1.5 < SPEI < 2 |
Extreme wet | SPEI > 2 |
The Abbreviation | Definition |
---|---|
ESA | EVI standard anomaly. |
T1, T2, T3 | Thresholds of −2, −3, and −3.85. |
PT1, PT2, PT3 | Yearly proportions of ESA less than the thresholds of −2, −3, and −3.85, respectively. |
PC, PM, NC, NM | Planted coniferous forests, planted mixed forests, natural coniferous forests and natural mixed forests, respectively. |
D, DC, DM | Difference between planted and natural forests in PT3, difference between planted coniferous forests and natural coniferous forests, and difference between planted mixed forests and natural mixed forests, respectively. |
Group | N | ESAJun < T1 | ESAJun < T2 | ESAJun < T3 | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N-n | N-p | N-e | P1 | N-n | N-p | N-e | P2 | N-n | N-p | N-e | P3 | ||
Group 1 | 14 | 7 | 7 | 0 | 0.272 | 2 | 6 | 6 | 0.036 | 2 | 6 | 6 | 0.050 |
Group 2 | 14 | 1 | 13 | 0 | 0.022 | 1 | 7 | 6 | 0.025 | 1 | 7 | 6 | 0.017 |
Group 3 | 14 | 9 | 5 | 0 | 0.975 | 4 | 4 | 6 | 0.779 | 4 | 4 | 6 | 1.000 |
Group 4 | 14 | 4 | 10 | 0 | 0.030 | 1 | 7 | 6 | 0.05 | 1 | 7 | 6 | 0.050 |
Group 5 | 14 | 7 | 7 | 0 | 0.510 | 6 | 2 | 6 | 0.327 | 6 | 2 | 6 | 0.484 |
Forests Group | N | N-n (Percentage, Sum of Rank) | N-p (Percentage, Sum of Rank) | N-e (Percentage) | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Coniferous | 127 | 55 (43.31%, 3235.00) | 72 (56.69%, 4893.00) | 0 (0%) | 0.046 ** |
Mixed | 70 | 25 (35.71%, 814.50) | 41 (58.57%, 1396.50) | 4 (5.72%) | 0.063 * |
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Luo, H.; Zhou, T.; Wu, H.; Zhao, X.; Wang, Q.; Gao, S.; Li, Z. Contrasting Responses of Planted and Natural Forests to Drought Intensity in Yunnan, China. Remote Sens. 2016, 8, 635. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs8080635
Luo H, Zhou T, Wu H, Zhao X, Wang Q, Gao S, Li Z. Contrasting Responses of Planted and Natural Forests to Drought Intensity in Yunnan, China. Remote Sensing. 2016; 8(8):635. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs8080635
Chicago/Turabian StyleLuo, Hui, Tao Zhou, Hao Wu, Xiang Zhao, Qianfeng Wang, Shan Gao, and Zheng Li. 2016. "Contrasting Responses of Planted and Natural Forests to Drought Intensity in Yunnan, China" Remote Sensing 8, no. 8: 635. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs8080635