Life Cycle Impact Assessment in the Arctic: Challenges and Research Needs
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Characteristics of the Arctic Region
2.1. Environment
2.2. Biology
2.3. Population
3. Life Cycle Impact Assessment for the Arctic Region
3.1. Climate Change
3.2. Photochemical Oxidant Formation
3.3. Particulate Matter Formation
3.4. Acidification and Eutrophication
3.5. Human Toxicity and Ecotoxicity
4. Arctic Mining LCA Case Study
4.1. Materials and Methods
4.2. Results of the Mining LCA Case Study
5. Discussion and Concluding Remarks
5.1. Influences of the Arctic Context on Impact Assessment in the Mining LCA Case Study
5.2. Research Gaps and Demand for Future Arctic LCA
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Arctic Characteristics | Gaps in Causality Chains (Impact Pathways) | Arctic-Dependent Impacts |
---|---|---|
Seasonality | Snow melt and spring run-off | ACID, EUTR, metal toxicity |
Short growth season | ACID, EUTR, ECOTOX | |
Seasonal lipid storage | ACID, EUTR, ECOTOX, HUMTOX | |
Photochemistry (sun-hours and UV) | Photochemical oxidant formation | |
Migratory behavior | Ecosystem damage, toxicity | |
Seasonal food webs | Ecosystem damage, toxicity | |
Cold climate | BC and PM on snow (albedo) | Climate change |
Bio-chemical process rates | ACID, EUTR, ECOTOX | |
Biological productivity | ECOTOX | |
Species richness Ecosystem sensitivity | Ecosystem damage Ecosystem damage | |
Fog and Arctic haze | Photochemistry (sun-hours and UV) | Photochemical oxidant formation |
Precipitation | Precipitation rate, snow vs. rain | ACID, EUTR, toxicity |
Population density | Human intake fraction | Human toxicity |
Diets | Human intake fraction | Human toxicity |
Marine dependence | Marine-freshwater interaction and near-shore/coastal fate processes | ACID, EUTR, ECOTOX, HUMTOX |
Dynamics | Climate change | Climate change, ACID, EUTR, ECOTOX, HUMTOX |
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Pettersen, J.B.; Song, X. Life Cycle Impact Assessment in the Arctic: Challenges and Research Needs. Sustainability 2017, 9, 1605. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9091605
Pettersen JB, Song X. Life Cycle Impact Assessment in the Arctic: Challenges and Research Needs. Sustainability. 2017; 9(9):1605. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9091605
Chicago/Turabian StylePettersen, Johan Berg, and Xingqiang Song. 2017. "Life Cycle Impact Assessment in the Arctic: Challenges and Research Needs" Sustainability 9, no. 9: 1605. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9091605