Cool Marble Building Envelopes: The Effect of Aging on Energy Performance and Aesthetics
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
- (i)
- BC, Bianco Carrara marble;
- (ii)
- BCP, Bianco Carrara polished marble;
- (iii)
- S, Statuario marble; and
- (iv)
- SP, Statuario polished marble.
- Experimental set up:
- ○
- Samples preparation: polishing
- ○
- Samples’ degradation: weathering via soaking in aggressive acidic environment
- Samples’ surface investigation measurements:
- ○
- Reflectance via spectrophotometer
- ○
- Color and lightness via spectrometer
- Statistical analysis
- Case study building selection
- Dynamic simulations with varying levels of envelope degradation
- Results and discussion of the findings
2.1. Experimental Set up
2.1.1. Soaking #1
2.1.2. Soaking #2
2.2. Measurement Set up
2.3. Statistical Analysis
2.4. Case Study Building Selection and Dynamic Simulation
3. Results
3.1. Spectrophotometer Analysis: Solar Reflectance Change Due to Degradation
3.2. Spectrophotometer Analysis: Color and Lightness Change Due to Degradation
3.2.1. Lightness, L*, Variation
3.2.2. Red to Green (a*) and Yellow to Blue (b*) Variations
3.3. Energy and Architectural Implications
4. Conclusions and Future Developments
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Appendix B
References
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Sample | Weeks of Exposure (w) | pH |
---|---|---|
BC | 4 | 4 |
BCP | 4 | 4 |
S | 4 | 4 |
SP | 4 | 4 |
Sample | Weeks of Exposure (w) | pH | Sample | Weeks of Exposure (w) | pH |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
BC | 2 | 4 | BC | 4 | 4 |
BCP | 2 | 4 | BCP | 4 | 4 |
S | 2 | 4 | S | 4 | 4 |
SP | 2 | 4 | SP | 4 | 4 |
BC | 2 | 3 | BC | 4 | 3 |
BCP | 2 | 3 | BCP | 4 | 3 |
S | 2 | 3 | S | 4 | 3 |
SP | 2 | 3 | SP | 4 | 3 |
Envelope System | |
---|---|
Vertical Envelope | Thickness (m) |
Bianco Carrara marble layer | 0.01 |
or Statuario marble layer | |
epoxy resin | 0.001 |
glass | 0.01 |
air gap | 0.25 |
internal glass | 0.02 |
U-value | 2.6 W/m2·K |
Roof | Thickness (m) |
Asphalt membrane | 0.01 |
mineral wool rolls | 0.14 |
air gap | 0.03 |
plasterboard | 0.02 |
cement slab | 0.2 |
U-value | 0.2 W/m2·K |
Application | Thermal Zones | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Public | Hall, lecture theatre | Display and public areas | Exposition areas | |
Density: | 0.2 people/m2 | 0.15 people/m2 | 0.05 people/m2 | |
Activity, metabolic rate: | standing and walking, 140 W/person | light manual work, 180 W/person | light work 160, W/person | |
Target illuminance: | 300 lux | 200 lux | 300 lux | |
Equipment gain: | 2 W/m2, radiant fraction 20% | 30 W/m2, radiant fraction 20% | ||
Schedule: | 8:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m., 7 days/week | 8:00 a.m. to 6:00 p.m., 6 days/week | 8:00 a.m. to 1:00 p.m. and 6:00–9:00 p.m., 7 days/week | |
Domestic dining room | Domestic kitchen | |||
Private | Density: | 0.17 people/m2 | 0.05 people/m2 | |
Activity, metabolic rate: | eating and drinking, 110 W/person | light work, 160 W/person | ||
Target illuminance: | 150 lux | 300 lux | ||
Equipment gain: | 3 W/m2, radiant fraction 20% | 30 W/m2, radiant fraction 20% | ||
Schedule: | 8:00 a.m. to 1:00 p.m. and 6:00 p.m. to 9:00 p.m., 7 days/week | 8:00 a.m. to 1:00 p.m. and 6:00 p.m. to 9:00 p.m., 7 days/week | ||
Simulations 1 | |||
---|---|---|---|
# | Envelope Material | # | Envelope Material |
Non Degraded | Degraded | ||
1 | BCNP | 1D | BCNPD |
2 | BCP | 2D | BCPD |
3 | SNP | 3D | SNPD |
4 | SP | 4D | SPD |
Statuario (S) | 0 Weeks | 4 Weeks | ∆R(NPD-NP) | ∆R(PD-P) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NP | P | NP | P | |||
UV (%) | 56.31 | 73.73 | 62.34 | 70.87 | 6.03 | −2.86 |
VIS (%) | 74.43 | 85.34 | 81.67 | 84.05 | 7.24 | −1.29 |
NIR (%) | 64.75 | 54.4 | 55.08 | 72.64 | −9.67 | 18.24 |
SRI (%) | 69.69 | 79.56 | 76.9 | 78.75 | 7.21 | −0.81 |
Bianco Carrara (BC) | 0 Weeks | 4 Weeks | ∆R(NPD-NP) | ∆R(PD-P) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NP | P | NP | P | |||
UV (%) | 47.37 | 62.04 | 54.79 | 60.65 | 7.42 | −1.39 |
VIS (%) | 57.11 | 67.40 | 65.63 | 63.31 | 8.52 | −4.09 |
NIR (%) | 47.55 | 70.96 | 70.63 | 54.65 | 23.08 | −16.31 |
SRI (%) | 52.69 | 61.84 | 60.16 | 59.44 | 7.47 | −2.40 |
Samples | L* at 0 Weeks Exposure | L* at 2–4 Weeks Exposure | ∆L*(4 w–0 w) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2 w | 4ph | BCNP | 62.79 | 63.05 | 0.26 |
BCP | 63.34 | 62.54 | −0.80 | ||
SNP | 61.80 | 62.26 | 0.46 | ||
SP | 62.85 | 65.65 | 2.80 | ||
3ph | BCNP | 62.79 | 63.31 | 0.52 | |
BCP | 63.34 | 62.38 | −0.96 | ||
SNP | 61.80 | 63.02 | 1.22 | ||
SP | 62.85 | 61.46 | −1.39 | ||
4 w | 4ph | BCNP | 62.79 | 59.98 | −2.81 |
BCP | 63.34 | 60.08 | −3.26 | ||
SNP | 61.80 | 49.91 | −11.89 | ||
SP | 62.85 | 58.55 | −4.30 | ||
3ph | BCNP | 62.79 | 28.25 | −34.54 | |
BCP | 63.34 | 33.19 | −30.15 | ||
SNP | 61.80 | 32.15 | −29.65 | ||
SP | 62.85 | 43.82 | −19.03 |
Samples | a* at 0 w | a* at 2/4 w | ∆a*(2/4 w–0 w) | b* at 0 w | b* at 2/4 w | ∆b*(2/4 w–0 w) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2 w | 4ph | BCNP | 1.01 | 2.61 | 1.60 | 4.49 | 13.31 | 2.90 |
BCP | 1.23 | 2.94 | 1.71 | 3.77 | 9.54 | 2.06 | ||
SNP | 1.37 | 2.57 | 1.21 | 2.43 | 1.70 | 1.22 | ||
SP | −1.68 | −8.07 | −6.39 | −0.09 | −19.38 | 6.30 | ||
3ph | BCNP | 1.01 | 1.70 | 0.69 | 4.49 | 24.67 | 3.81 | |
BCP | 1.23 | 5.30 | 4.07 | 3.77 | 14.01 | −0.30 | ||
SNP | 1.37 | 2.15 | 0.78 | 2.43 | 3.15 | 1.65 | ||
SP | −1.68 | 6.83 | 8.52 | −0.09 | 17.53 | −8.61 | ||
4 w | 4ph | BCNP | 1.01 | −17.87 | −18.88 | 4.49 | −34.65 | 23.38 |
BCP | 1.23 | 4.25 | 3.02 | 3.77 | 12.73 | 0.75 | ||
SNP | 1.37 | −5.11 | −6.48 | 2.43 | −10.31 | 8.90 | ||
SP | −1.68 | −2.27 | −0.59 | −0.09 | 2.60 | 0.50 | ||
3ph | BCNP | 1.01 | 16.81 | 15.80 | 4.49 | 107.94 | −11.31 | |
BCP | 1.23 | −3.59 | −4.83 | 3.77 | −5.33 | 8.59 | ||
SNP | 1.37 | 0.33 | −1.04 | 2.43 | −3.36 | 3.47 | ||
SP | −1.68 | −6.37 | −4.69 | −0.09 | −6.03 | 4.60 |
Envelope Material | Reflectance (%) | Total Site Energy (kWh) | ∆ (BCNP-BCNPD)/(SNP-SP) | Energy for Cooling (kWh) | ∆ (BCNP-BCNPD)/(SNP-SP) | Energy for Heating (kWh) | ∆ (BCNP-BCNPD)/(SNP-SP) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BCNP | 52.7 | 513,920.34 | - | 158,209 | - | 216,562 | - |
BCNPD = BCP = BCPD | 60.2/61.8/59.4 | 512,249.44 | −1670.9 | 151,668 | −6540.9 | 221,432 | 4870 |
SNP = SNPD | 69.7 | 511,523.01 | −726.43 | 148,093 | −3575.73 | 224,282 | 2849.3 |
SP | 79.6 | 510,355.34 | −1167.67 | 141,117 | −6975.31 | 230,089 | 5807.64 |
SPD | 78.75 | 510,457.22 | 101.88 | 141,812 | 694.28 | 229,497 | −592.4 |
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Rosso, F.; Pisello, A.L.; Jin, W.; Ghandehari, M.; Cotana, F.; Ferrero, M. Cool Marble Building Envelopes: The Effect of Aging on Energy Performance and Aesthetics. Sustainability 2016, 8, 753. https://doi.org/10.3390/su8080753
Rosso F, Pisello AL, Jin W, Ghandehari M, Cotana F, Ferrero M. Cool Marble Building Envelopes: The Effect of Aging on Energy Performance and Aesthetics. Sustainability. 2016; 8(8):753. https://doi.org/10.3390/su8080753
Chicago/Turabian StyleRosso, Federica, Anna Laura Pisello, Weihua Jin, Masoud Ghandehari, Franco Cotana, and Marco Ferrero. 2016. "Cool Marble Building Envelopes: The Effect of Aging on Energy Performance and Aesthetics" Sustainability 8, no. 8: 753. https://doi.org/10.3390/su8080753