Impact of Oceanographic Environmental Shifts and Atmospheric Events on the Sustainable Development of Coastal Aquaculture: A Case Study of Kelp and Scallops in Southern Hokkaido, Japan
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Satellite Data
2.3. 4D-VAR Data
2.4. Ship Samples Data
2.5. Procedures for Sea Temperature-Depth Visualizations
2.6. Suitable Aquaculture Site Selection Models (SASSMs)
Suitability Rating and Score | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Parameter | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 |
Sea surface temperature (°C) | <4 | 4–4.5 | 4.5–5 | 5–5.5 | 5.5–6 | 6–6.5 | 6.5–7 | 7–9 |
>17.5 | 16–17.5 | 14.5–16 | 13–14.5 | 11.5–13 | 10.5–11.5 | 9–10.5 | ||
Bathymetry (m) | 0–2.1 | 2.1–4.3 | 4.3–6.4 | 6.4–8.6 | 8.6–10.7 | 10.7–12.9 | 12.9–15 | 15–30 |
>60 | 55–60 | 50–55 | 45–50 | 40–45 | 35–40 | 30–35 | ||
Secchi disk depth (g·m–3) | 0–0.5 | 0.5–1 | 1–1.5 | 1.5–2 | 2–2.5 | 2.5–3 | 3–3.5 | >3.5 |
Sea surface nitrate (μM) | <0.64 | 0.64–1.49 | 1.49–2.69 | 2.69–4.48 | 4.48–7.47 | 7.47–13.44 | 13.44–31.36 | >31.36 |
Slope (°) | <5 | 5–10 | 10–15 | 15–18 | 18–20 | 20–23 | 23–25 | >25 |
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Verification of 4D-VAR Data
3.2. Sea Temperature-Depth Visualizations
3.3. Impact of Oceanographic Environment Changes on SASSMs
3.4. Impact of Climate Events on SASSM Models
Species | Year | Zone | Area (km2) | Suitability scores | Production (tons) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | |||||
Japanese scallop | 2009 | Date | 28.6 | 0.1 | 1.1 | 7.5 | 78.8 | 12.5 | 4724 |
Abuta | 16.8 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 7.1 | 86.5 | 6.2 | 7409 | ||
Toyoura | 37.7 | 0.3 | 0.9 | 10.5 | 79.4 | 8.8 | 12,310 | ||
Oshamambe | 98.7 | 0.0 | 0.7 | 10.7 | 64.4 | 24.2 | 21,360 | ||
Yakumo | 98.4 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 11.0 | 68.8 | 20.1 | 35,551 | ||
Mori | 44.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.6 | 98.1 | 1.3 | 19,684 | ||
Sawara | 11.7 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 5.5 | 76.2 | 18.3 | 9754 | ||
2010 | Date | 28.6 | 0.7 | 4.6 | 51.3 | 43.3 | 0.0 | 2997 | |
Abuta | 16.8 | 0.2 | 1.3 | 64.8 | 33.6 | 0.0 | 4452 | ||
Toyoura | 37.7 | 0.4 | 1.8 | 18.8 | 79.0 | 0.0 | 8516 | ||
Oshamambe | 98.7 | 0.1 | 2.3 | 38.8 | 58.8 | 0.0 | 15,550 | ||
Yakumo | 98.4 | 0.0 | 3.7 | 46.4 | 49.9 | 0.0 | 25,960 | ||
Mori | 44.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 54.6 | 45.0 | 0.0 | 16,623 | ||
Sawara | 11.7 | 0.9 | 1.9 | 25.8 | 71.4 | 0.0 | 10,235 | ||
Japanese kelp | 2009 | Shikabe | 24.5 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 7.5 | 77.3 | 15.1 | 415 |
Minamikayabe | 16.3 | 0.0 | 0.6 | 18.8 | 71.1 | 9.6 | 3580 | ||
Todohokke | 1.1 | 0.3 | 19.6 | 29.0 | 49.5 | 1.6 | 119 | ||
Esan | 8.4 | 0.2 | 2.8 | 22.0 | 70.1 | 4.9 | 582 | ||
Toi | 7.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 45.6 | 54.4 | 677 | ||
Hakodate | 12.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 74.5 | 25.5 | 489 | ||
2010 | Shikabe | 24.5 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 11.0 | 88.9 | 0.0 | 335 | |
Minamikayabe | 16.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 9.0 | 90.2 | 0.8 | 3478 | ||
Todohokke | 1.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 19.0 | 81.0 | 0.0 | 82 | ||
Esan | 8.4 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 89.7 | 10.3 | 642 | ||
Toi | 7.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 10.3 | 57.7 | 32.0 | 599 | ||
Hakodate | 12.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 22.3 | 77.7 | 0.0 | 295 | ||
Gagome | 2009 | Minamikayabe | 16.3 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 31.5 | 66.3 | 2.0 | 156.7 |
Toi | 7.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 45.6 | 54.4 | 0.2 | ||
Hakodate | 12.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 50.8 | 49.2 | 0.3 | ||
2010 | Minamikayabe | 16.3 | 0.0 | 4.9 | 64.2 | 30.8 | 0.0 | 30.6 | |
Toi | 7.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 45.5 | 52.4 | 2.1 | 0 | ||
Hakodate | 12.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 83.6 | 16.4 | 0.3 |
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Liu, Y.; Saitoh, S.-I.; Nakada, S.; Zhang, X.; Hirawake, T. Impact of Oceanographic Environmental Shifts and Atmospheric Events on the Sustainable Development of Coastal Aquaculture: A Case Study of Kelp and Scallops in Southern Hokkaido, Japan. Sustainability 2015, 7, 1263-1279. https://doi.org/10.3390/su7021263
Liu Y, Saitoh S-I, Nakada S, Zhang X, Hirawake T. Impact of Oceanographic Environmental Shifts and Atmospheric Events on the Sustainable Development of Coastal Aquaculture: A Case Study of Kelp and Scallops in Southern Hokkaido, Japan. Sustainability. 2015; 7(2):1263-1279. https://doi.org/10.3390/su7021263
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiu, Yang, Sei-Ichi Saitoh, Satoshi Nakada, Xun Zhang, and Toru Hirawake. 2015. "Impact of Oceanographic Environmental Shifts and Atmospheric Events on the Sustainable Development of Coastal Aquaculture: A Case Study of Kelp and Scallops in Southern Hokkaido, Japan" Sustainability 7, no. 2: 1263-1279. https://doi.org/10.3390/su7021263