Phase Change Material (PCM) Application in a Modernized Korean Traditional House (Hanok)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
- (1)
- select a new-Hanok model, materials and simulation assumptions including infiltration;
- (2-1)
- analyze the basic heating and cooling energy load to determine the adoptable PCMs;
- (2-2)
- diversify temperature variables of PCM, which is aimed at minimizing the energy load and the peak-load shift by sensitive analysis; and
- (3)
- analyze and compare the application of several types of PCM on the building model for minimizing the heating and cooling load and optimize the PMV range for human comfort.
2.1. New-Hanok Drawing
2.2. Esp-r Computer Simulation and Setting
2.3. Material Properties
2.4. PCM (Phase Change Material)
2.5. Wall Composite with PCM
2.6. PMV (Predicted Mean Vote)
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Energy Performance According to the Insulation Material and Infiltration Level Change
3.2. Energy Performance Based on the Variation of the PCM-Hwangtoh Composite
3.3. Thermal Performance with PMV Analysis Based on the Variation of the PCM-Hwangtoh Composite
4. Conclusions
- -
- Infiltration revealed a significant effect on the energy consumed. In particular, Hanok, which is constructed by mixing various materials, has considerably low infiltration, so it is important to strengthen it.
- -
- Compared to traditional Hanok materials, strengthening insulation based on passive house regulation for nZEB can reduce the heating and cooling energy by approximately 73%.
- -
- The PCM helps reduce the energy consumption when it approaches the passive house regulation material property. The heating and cooling load reduction ratio compared to the non-PCM application are as follows: Case 1 (old-Hanok), 10.2%; Case 2 (Korean Building Act), 21.3%; and Case 3 (passive house regulation), 53.1%.
- -
- The optimal set point of the PCM for energy saving has a different value depending on the material properties. The optimal phase change temperature of a PCM for a new-Hanok is as follows: Case 1, 24–26 °C; Case 2, 23–25 °C; and Case 3, 24–26 °C.
- -
- In PMV analysis, the use of a PCM can narrow the comfort range and centralize the optimal point, which is 0 point. The results confirm that a PCM has a “flattening” influence inside the zone temperature.
- -
- PMV is affected significantly by the operation schedule and occupant behavior. Dividing the basic types of the occupant schedule can allow the PMV effect to be measured more accurately by applying a PCM.
- -
- Studies of the life cycle cost and life cycle CO2 analysis are the major points for economic analysis. The price of the PCM will need to be in the acceptable range and a long-term heating and cooling load calculation will be needed.
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Types | ACH (50 Pa) | ACH | |
---|---|---|---|
Passive House Planning Package (PHPP) | 0.6 | 0.038 | |
ASHRAE | A | 1 | 0.064 |
B | 2 | 0.128 | |
C | 3 | 0.192 | |
D | 5 | 0.321 | |
old-Hanok | - | - |
Types | Wall | Roof | Floor | Window |
---|---|---|---|---|
Old-Hanok (Case 1) | 3.270 | 0.788 | 0.590 | 5.879 |
Korean Building Act (Case 2) | 0.210 | 0.150 | 0.180 | 1.200 |
Passive house guideline (Case 3) | 0.150 | 0.150 | 0.150 | 0.800 |
Names | Type | Tm (°C) | Ts (°C) | Latent Heat of Fusion (kJ/kg) | Thermal Conductivity (W/m·K) | Density (kg/m3) | Specific Heat Capacity (J/kg·K) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Tetrabutylammonium bromide [60] | Organic | 10 | 12 | 193 | 0.6 | 1500 | 2000 |
Propyl palmitate [61] | Organic | 16 | 18 | 186 | 0.6 | 1500 | 2000 |
Paraffin C13–C24 [62] | Organic | 22 | 24 | 189 | 0.6 | 1500 | 2000 |
Types | Heating and Cooling Energy | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Case 1 | Heating (kWh) | 6511 | 5328 | 3604 | 2018 | 729 | 106 | 2 | 4 | 68 | 1119 | 3239 | 5794 |
Cooling (kWh) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 32 | 157 | 333 | 586 | 198 | 43 | 0 | 0 | |
PCM (24–26) | Heating (kWh) | 6370 | 5163 | 3247 | 1468 | 380 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 768 | 2948 | 5783 |
Cooling (kWh) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 6 | 68 | 200 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0 | |
Case 2 | Heating (kWh) | 1647 | 1255 | 785 | 402 | 97 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 189 | 724 | 1459 |
Cooling (kWh) | 0 | 1 | 26 | 42 | 150 | 234 | 299 | 457 | 257 | 142 | 14 | 0 | |
PCM (21–23) | Heating (kWh) | 1459 | 1106 | 569 | 177 | 47 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 51 | 542 | 1328 |
Cooling (kWh) | 1 | 2 | 10 | 7 | 31 | 100 | 230 | 442 | 89 | 62 | 14 | 0 | |
Case 3 | Heating (kWh) | 382 | 234 | 115 | 37 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 9 | 89 | 336 |
Cooling (kWh) | 0 | 3 | 65 | 106 | 326 | 384 | 372 | 515 | 423 | 300 | 35 | 0 | |
PCM (24–26) | Heating (kWh) | 9 | 7 | 7 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 7 | 9 |
Cooling (kWh) | 2 | 5 | 24 | 18 | 77 | 179 | 263 | 454 | 183 | 156 | 35 | 0 |
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Lee, J.; Park, J. Phase Change Material (PCM) Application in a Modernized Korean Traditional House (Hanok). Sustainability 2018, 10, 948. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10040948
Lee J, Park J. Phase Change Material (PCM) Application in a Modernized Korean Traditional House (Hanok). Sustainability. 2018; 10(4):948. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10040948
Chicago/Turabian StyleLee, Jaewook, and Jiyoung Park. 2018. "Phase Change Material (PCM) Application in a Modernized Korean Traditional House (Hanok)" Sustainability 10, no. 4: 948. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10040948