Subversion of the Immune Response by Rabies Virus
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental and Non-Experimental Factors Influencing the Immune Response
2.1. Age
2.2. Timing
2.3. Sex
2.4. Temperature
2.5. Genetic Polymorphisms
2.6. The Appropriate Animal Model and Other Influential Factors
2.7. Cerebral Lateralization
3. Rabies Entry into the Nervous System: The Use of Stealth
4. Apoptosis: Detrimental or Beneficial to the Host?
4.1. Neuronal Apoptosis as a Host Defence Mechanism
4.2. Apoptosis as a Mechanism for Immune Subversion
4.3. Regulation of Immunosubversive Molecules Involved in Apoptosis
4.4. Caspase-Dependent and -Independent Apoptotic Pathways
5. Contributing Factors and Mechanisms to RABV Pathogenesis
5.1. Nitric Oxide
5.2. Mitochondrial Dysfunction
5.3. Heat Shock Proteins
5.4. Glucocorticoids
6. The “Early Death” Phenomenon
7. How Does RABV Do It?—the Mechanisms by Which RABV Sequesters the Immune System
7.1. Phosphoprotein
7.1.1. Interaction of Phosphoprotein and Nuclear Bodies—Effects on Antiviral Responses
7.1.2. The Importance of the Nucleocytoplasmic Shuttling Abilities of RABV P Protein
7.1.3. RABV P Protein Impairs Phosphorylation of Interferon Regulatory Factor 3 and 7
7.1.4. Indirect Consequences of P Protein on the Innate and Adaptive Immune Response
7.2. Nucleoprotein
7.3. Matrix Protein
7.4. Inhibition of the Host’s Immune Response by RABV—The Bigger Picture
8. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Scott, T.P.; Nel, L.H. Subversion of the Immune Response by Rabies Virus. Viruses 2016, 8, 231. https://doi.org/10.3390/v8080231
Scott TP, Nel LH. Subversion of the Immune Response by Rabies Virus. Viruses. 2016; 8(8):231. https://doi.org/10.3390/v8080231
Chicago/Turabian StyleScott, Terence P., and Louis H. Nel. 2016. "Subversion of the Immune Response by Rabies Virus" Viruses 8, no. 8: 231. https://doi.org/10.3390/v8080231