New Gold Nanostructures for Sensor Applications: A Review
Abstract
:1. Uncommon Gold: Old Material with New Applications
2. Why Use Gold Nanostructures in Sensors?
2.1. Unique Properties of Gold Nanowires
Properties of GNWs | Potential application | Reference |
---|---|---|
Large surface area | Nanoelectrode Sensor, catalytic, | [8] |
Electron transport with organic OA layer | High resistivity, 106 Ω, temperature dependent non-linear behavior, lower catalytic ability | [15,17] |
Electron transport without OA layer | Low resistivity, 103 Ω, high electron transport, electrochemical, nanoelectrode sensor, high catalytic ability | [15,17] |
Mechanical properties | High engineering strength, interconnects | [14,20] |
LSPR | SEF, SERS | [21,22,23,24] |
Chirality of gold cluster | Asymmetric drugs, sensors and catalysts | [27] |
Easy self-assemble | Active substrates for SERS | [4] |
2.2. Unique Properties of Gold Nanoparticles with Surface Modification
Properties of GNPs | Potential applications | Reference |
---|---|---|
SPR | Colorimetric, SERS based sensing | [6,30,31,32,33] |
Photoluminescence Fluorescence enhancement Fluorescence quenching | Fluorescence sensing | [30,31,32,33,35] |
Raman scattering enhancement | SERS by electromagnetic and chemical mechanism | [37] |
Strong light scattering | Dynamic light scattering (DLS) assay | [38] |
Easy surface modification | Molecular recognition in different sensing systems | [1,45,46,47,48,49,50] |
2.3. Principles of LSPR
3. Synthesis of Gold Nanostructures
3.1. Synthesis of Gold Nanowires
3.1.1. Template Directed Methods
3.1.2. Non-Template Directed Methods
Synthesis of GNWs | Advantages | Disadvantages | Diameter (nm) | Length (μm) | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Soft Template OA | easy to make | longer time-several days, organic layer | 1–2 | 3–5 | [60] |
OA and ascorbic acid | easy to make | longer time several days organic layer | 1–2 | 3–5 | [61] |
OA and TIPs | fast-several hours | hard control, organic layer | 1–2 | 3–5 | [4] |
Soft template CnAA | tune gap distance | CnAA dispersion, organic layer | 1–2 | 3–5 | [62] |
Amphiphilic molecules CTAB | growth in water | organic layer | 1–2 | 2–3 | [63] |
Hard template AAO | control diameter | etch the template | 2–100 | 1–10 | [64] |
Hard template GO | well dispersed not bundles | hard to separate | 1–2 | 3–5 | [65] |
Electron beam lithography | control morphology | expensive | 10 | 1–10 | [56,57,58] |
LPNE | define thickness | polycrystalline | 10 | 1–10 | [58] |
Nanoskiving | fast and low lost | need special instrument | 10 | 1–10 | [17] |
3.2. Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles
Size (nm) | Synthetic method | Capping agent | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
1–2 | Reduction of HAuCl4 by NaBH4 in toluene | Phosphine | [76] |
1–5.2 | Reduction of HAuCl4 by NaBH4 in toluene | Alkanethiol | [74,75] |
3–5 | Reduction of HAuCl4 by NaBH4 in toluene | TOAB | [77] |
10–147 | Reduction of HAuCl4 by citrate in water | Citrate | [71,72] |
50–200 | Reduction of HAuCl4 by HQ in water | Citrate | [73] |
4. Recent Development in the Use of Gold Nanoparticles Based Materials in Sensors
4.1. Gold Nanoparticles Based Colorimetric, Fluorescence and SERS Sensing
Sensing approach | Analyte | LOD | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Colorimetric | Metal ion (Pb2+) | 0.4 nM | [80] |
Anion (S2−) | 5 μM | [87] | |
Oligonucleotide (ssDNA) | 0.1 aM | [92] | |
Biomolecule (GSH) | 8 nM | [97] | |
Fluorescence | Metal ion (Hg2+) | 16 nM | [84] |
Anion (CN−) | 0.3 μM | [89] | |
Oligonucleotide (mRNA) | 0.3 nM & 0.5 nM | [96] | |
Biomolecule (PfHsp70) | 2.4 μg·mL−1 | [98] | |
SERS | Metal ion (Cd2+) | 1 μM | [85] |
Anion (CN−) | 4 nM | [91] |
4.2. Gold Nanowires Based Sensing Applications
4.2.1. Gold Nanowires Based Electrochemical Sensing Applications
GNWs based materials | Advantages | Properties and application | Reference | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
GNWs NSEs | Microcapillary based electrochemical method and lithographic-free electrodeposition method | ET kinetics of GNWs K0 = 0.10 cm·s−1 | [100] | |||
GNWs with tunable electron transport | Tunable electron transport | Crossover from a non-Fermin Liquid TLL ground state to a disordered state with VRH layer | [101] | |||
Giant superlattice nanomembrane | Mechanical strong, optical transparent | Thickness 2.5 nm, resistance is 1142 kΩ | [102] | |||
Pressure sensor with GNWs | Low energy consumption High sensitivity >1.14 kPa−1 Fast response time <17 ms High stability >50,000 | Pressure force reduce the wire to wire spacing | [103] | |||
Removal the layer of GNPs | Rapid removal using NaBH4 solution in water | Hydride has a higher binding affinity to gold than organothiols | [19] | |||
DNA template GNWs sensor | Circle amplification of single strand DNA | DNA detection of limit LOD is 6.6 × 10−15 M | [104] | |||
Lattice orientation protection in gold nanowires by a zipper | Ag blocks preserving the lattice of gold rings | Zipper mechanism shows ligand loss, lattice alignment and coalescence. | [105] |
4.2.2. Gold Nanowires Based Optical and SERS Sensing Applications
4.2.2.1. Gold Nanowires Based Optical Sensing Applications
Materials | Methods and Properties | Results (Factor) | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
GNWs arrays | Optical Diffraction methods | Used for surface molecule adsorption process | [24] |
GNWs arrays with DNA | ssDNA hybridizing, optical diffraction measurements | Detect sequence of unlabeled ssDNA | [109] |
GNWs with different cross section | Scattering loss and joule heating with cross section | Scattering loss dependent on plasmon mode rather than cross section | [110] |
Gold nanoantenna dimmers | Infrared spectroscopy | Bonding and antibonding combination show | [111] |
Bowtie gold nanoantenna | Surface enhance fluorescence | Factor of 1340 | [112] |
4.2.2.2. Gold Nanowires Based SERS Sensing
SERS substrate materials | Detection of molecules | Enhanced factors | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Gold sphere with 5 nm gap single molecular detection | Directional radiated fields | EFs average value up to 1010 | [43] |
DNA origami NPs two with 3.3 nm gap | Far field scattering | A small number of dye molecules | [114] |
GNWs based DNA | Raman carrier Cy5 | Strong SERS signal | [115] |
DNA template GNPs | SERS | EFs up to 106 | [116] |
Single nanowire based sensors of Hg2+ | Hg2+ | Detection limit up to 1 × 10−10 M | [117] |
Ag-Au bimetal nanocages | – | SERS enhanced intensity | [118] |
Au-Cu alloy nanotube | 4-Mpy as a single molecule | SERS enhanced intensity | [119] |
Dimers antennas | Energy momentum spectroscope/radiated power | Perpendicular to the dipole orientation | [120] |
5. Conclusions and Future Perspectives
Acknowledgments
Nomenclature
NPs | Nanoparticles |
NWs | Nanowires |
GNPs | Gold nanoparticles |
GNWs | Gold nanowires |
SERS | Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy |
LSPR | Localized surface plasmon resonances |
HPLC | High performance liquid chromatograph |
SPR | Surface plasmon resonance |
PET | Photoinduced electron transfer |
FRET | Fluorescence resonance energy transfer |
NSET | Nanosurface energy transfer |
DLS | Dynamic light scattering |
AAO | Anodic aluminium oxide |
Hcp | Hexagonal Close Packed |
Fcc | Face centred cubic |
TOAB | Tetraoctylammonium bromide |
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Zhang, Y.; Chu, W.; Foroushani, A.D.; Wang, H.; Li, D.; Liu, J.; Barrow, C.J.; Wang, X.; Yang, W. New Gold Nanostructures for Sensor Applications: A Review. Materials 2014, 7, 5169-5201. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma7075169
Zhang Y, Chu W, Foroushani AD, Wang H, Li D, Liu J, Barrow CJ, Wang X, Yang W. New Gold Nanostructures for Sensor Applications: A Review. Materials. 2014; 7(7):5169-5201. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma7075169
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Yuanchao, Wendy Chu, Alireza Dibaji Foroushani, Hongbin Wang, Da Li, Jingquan Liu, Colin J. Barrow, Xin Wang, and Wenrong Yang. 2014. "New Gold Nanostructures for Sensor Applications: A Review" Materials 7, no. 7: 5169-5201. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma7075169