Influence of Combustion Parameters on Fouling Composition after Wood Pellet Burning in a Lab-Scale Low-Power Boiler
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Section
2.1. Combustion Facility
2.2. Fuel Burned in the Experimental Plant
Proximate analysis (wt.% of dry fuel) | |
Moisture | 6.18 |
Volatile Matter | 70.57 |
Fixed Carbon | 26.11 |
Ash | 3.32 |
Ultimate analysis (wt.% of dry fuel) | |
C | 46.03 |
H | 5.95 |
N | 1.88 |
O * | 42.82 * |
Analysis of ash using XRF (wt.% of ash) | |
Na2O | 0.36 |
MgO | 4.85 |
Al2O3 | 6.97 |
SiO2 | 35.46 |
P2O5 | 2.75 |
SO3 | 6.04 |
Cl | 0.95 |
K2O | 6.46 |
CaO | 28.03 |
TiO2 | 3.14 |
MnO | 0.29 |
Fe2O3 | 3.52 |
NiO | 0.02 |
CuO | 0.04 |
ZnO | 0.27 |
Heating value (MJ/kg in wet basis) | |
HV | 16.72 |
2.3. Combustions Performed and Samples Collected
Experiment | Total time of stable combustion | Primary–secondary airflow distribution | Total airflow supplied | Deposition probe temperature |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 3 h | 25%–75% | 11 m3/h | ≈20 °C–25 °C |
2 | 3 h | 25%–75% | 14 m3/h | ≈20 °C–25 °C |
3 | 3 h | 25%–75% | 17 m3/h | ≈20 °C–25 °C |
4 | 3 h | 25%–75% | 20 m3/h | ≈20 °C–25 °C |
5 | 3 h | 25%–75% | 23 m3/h | ≈20 °C–25 °C |
6 | 3 h | 25%–75% | 25 m3/h | ≈20 °C–25 °C |
7 | 3 h | 25%–75% | 11 m3/h | ≈60 °C–65 °C |
8 | 3 h | 25%–75% | 17 m3/h | ≈60 °C–65 °C |
9 | 3 h | 25%–75% | 25 m3/h | ≈60 °C–65 °C |
2.4. Theoretical Deposition Indices
Name | Equation | Equation number | Approximate ranges |
---|---|---|---|
Base-to-acid ratio | (1) | (*) | |
Base-to-acid ratio (simplified) | (2) | ||
Base-to-acid ratio (+P) | (3) | ||
Slagging index | (4) | RS < 0.6 low slagging
RS = 0.6–2.0 medium RS = 2.0–2.6 high RS > 2.6 extremely high | |
Slag ratio | (5) | SR > 72 low slagging
72 ≥ SR > 65 medium SR < 65 high | |
Fouling index | (6) | FU ≤ 0.6 low fouling
0.6 < FU ≤ 40 high FU > 40 extremely high (tendency to sintering of deposits) |
2.5. Thermal and Chemical Analysis Performed to the Samples
2.5.1. Thermogravimetry and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (TG-DSC)
2.5.2. Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS)
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Theoretical Deposition Indices Predicted from Inorganic Elements
Index | Result | Interpretation |
---|---|---|
B/A | 0.95 | Low-Medium |
B/A(simp) | 0.86 | |
B/A(+P) | 1.01 | |
RS | 0.05 | Low |
RS(+P) | 0.05 | Low |
SR | 49.35 | Medium |
FU | 6.47 | High |
FU(+P) | 6.88 | High |
3.2. Influence on Fouling of the Total Airflow Supplied
3.2.1. Thermal Analysis: Characterization of the Organic Matter in the Fouling Deposits
3.2.2. Chemical Analysis: Characterization of the Inorganic Matter in the Fouling Deposits
D11LT (wt.%) | A11LT (wt.%) | D25LT (wt.%) | A25LT (wt.%) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
C | 75.58 | 69.38 | 53.47 | 31.59 |
O | 9.17 | 11.24 | 16.08 | 15.27 |
Na | 0.52 | 0.74 | 1.15 | 1.74 |
Mg | 0.27 | 0.24 | 1.06 | 0.75 |
Al | 0.23 | 0.38 | 0.46 | 0.65 |
Si | 0.54 | 0.73 | 1.91 | 0.88 |
P | 0.14 | 0.26 | 0.39 | 0.46 |
S | 1.30 | 2.60 | 3.48 | 1.61 |
Cl | 7.72 | 6.36 | 8.65 | 16.43 |
K | 1.51 | 1.99 | 3.58 | 3.49 |
Ca | 1.73 | 3.89 | 6.51 | 2.65 |
Ti | 0.16 | 0.28 | 0.35 | 0.35 |
Cr | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.18 | 3.83 |
Mn | 0.30 | 0.23 | 0.41 | 0.44 |
Fe | 0.60 | 0.68 | 1.71 | 16.78 |
Ni | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 2.13 |
Zn | 0.22 | 1.00 | 0.61 | 0.92 |
3.3. Influence on Fouling of the Deposition Probe Temperature
3.3.1. Thermal Analysis: Characterization of the Organic Matter in the Fouling Deposits
- T∞,1: water temperature (293 K or 333 K)
- T∞,3: gases temperature (773 K)
- r1: inner radio of the tube (0.0105 m)
- r2: outer radio of the tube (0.0125 m)
- r3: outer radio of the tube plus fouling thickness
- L: length of the tube (0.12 m)
- h1: convection coefficient of water (2500 W/m2K)
- kA: conduction coefficient of steel (14.9 W/mK stainless steel AISI 304 [44])
- kB: conduction coefficient of fouling (1.95 W/mK [45])
- h3: convection coefficient of gases (100 W/m2K [46])
3.3.2. Chemical Analysis: Characterization of the Inorganic Matter in the Fouling Deposits
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Febrero, L.; Granada, E.; Regueiro, A.; Míguez, J.L. Influence of Combustion Parameters on Fouling Composition after Wood Pellet Burning in a Lab-Scale Low-Power Boiler. Energies 2015, 8, 9794-9816. https://doi.org/10.3390/en8099794
Febrero L, Granada E, Regueiro A, Míguez JL. Influence of Combustion Parameters on Fouling Composition after Wood Pellet Burning in a Lab-Scale Low-Power Boiler. Energies. 2015; 8(9):9794-9816. https://doi.org/10.3390/en8099794
Chicago/Turabian StyleFebrero, Lara, Enrique Granada, Araceli Regueiro, and José Luis Míguez. 2015. "Influence of Combustion Parameters on Fouling Composition after Wood Pellet Burning in a Lab-Scale Low-Power Boiler" Energies 8, no. 9: 9794-9816. https://doi.org/10.3390/en8099794