Economic Feasibility of V2G Frequency Regulation in Consideration of Battery Wear
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Analysis on the Regulation Signals
3. Considerations on Battery Wear Parameters
3.1. Temperature and Charge Rate
3.2. Depth-of-Discharge
4. Economic Feasibility of V2G Frequency Regulation
4.1. Analysis of the USABC Test Profiles
Parameters | Minimum PHEV | Maximum PHEV | EV |
---|---|---|---|
CD cycle life target/Transferrable Energy(MWh) | 5000/34 | 5000/116 | 1000/79 |
CS cycle life target/Transferrable Energy(MWh) | 300,000/30 | 300,000/30 | NA |
LCE (MWh) | 64 | 146 | 79 |
Effective energy capacity (kWh) | 2.7 | 9.3 | 32 |
Average C-rate for CS profile | 1.25 | 0.37 | NA |
Average C-rate for CD profile | 2.43 | 0.61 | 1.48 * |
4.2. V2G Economics Considering the Battery Price
Title | Min. PHEV | Max. PHEV | EV |
---|---|---|---|
Battery Size (kWh) | 3.4 | 11.6 | 40 |
Current Price ($) | 3400 | 11,600 | 12,000~20,000 |
Goal Price ($) | 1700 | 3400 | 4000~6000 |
V2G Income ($) | 12,800 | 29,200 | 15,800 * |
Break-Even Regulation Price ($/kW-h) | 10.6 | 2.5 | 40 |
5. Experiment with a Real Battery: A Case Study
Title | Min. PHEV | Max. PHEV | EV |
---|---|---|---|
Battery Size (kWh) | 3.4 | 11.6 | 40 |
Current Price ($) | 3400 | 11,600 | 12,000~20,000 |
Goal Price ($) | 1,700 | 3400 | 4000~6000 |
V2G Income ($) with USABC goals | 12,800 | 29,200 | 15,800 * |
V2G Income ($) with SK’s cells | 27,000 | 53,400 | 47,400 * |
Break-Even Regulation Price for SK’s Battery ($/kW-h) | 5 | 8.7 | 13.8 |
6. Conclusions
Appendix
A1. For Minimum PHEV
A1.1. Charge Sustaining Mode
- ▪
- Charged energy: 50 Wh
- ▪
- Discharged energy: 50 Wh
- ▪
- Net energy deviation: 0 Wh
- ▪
- Single cycle energy (SCE): 100 Wh
- ▪
- Target cycle count: 300,000
- ▪
- Transferrable Energy during the target life cycle: (50 Wh + 50 Wh ) × 300,000 = 30 MWh
A1.2. Charge Depleting Mode
- ▪
- Charged energy: 142 Wh
- ▪
- Discharged energy: 687 Wh
- ▪
- Net energy deviation: −545 Wh
- ▪
- Transferred energy: 829 Wh
- ▪
- Repeat count for a single discharge cycle: 5
- ▪
- Single cycle energy (SCE): (829 Wh + 545 Wh) × 5 = 6870 Wh
- ▪
- Target cycle count: 5000
- ▪
- Transferrable Energy during the target life cycle: 6870 Wh × 5000 = 34 MWh
- -
- Life cycle energy (LCE): 30 MWh + 34 MWh = 64 MWh
- -
- Expected V2G income for minimum PHEV: 64 MWh × $200 = $12,800
A2. For Maximum PHEV
A2.1. Charge Sustaining Mode
- ▪
- Same as minimum PHEV: 30 MWh
A2.2. Charge Depleting Mode
- ▪
- Charged energy: 119 Wh
- ▪
- Discharged energy: 582 Wh
- ▪
- Net energy deviation: −463 Wh
- ▪
- Transferred energy: 701 Wh
- ▪
- Repeat count for a single discharge cycle: 20
- ▪
- Single cycle energy (SCE): (701 Wh + 463 Wh) × 20 = 23,280 Wh
- ▪
- Target cycle count: 5000
- ▪
- Transferrable Energy during the target life cycle: 23,280 MWh × 5000 = 116 MWh
- -
- Life cycle energy (LCE): 30 MWh + 116 MWh = 146 MWh
- -
- Expected V2G income for maximum PHEV: 146 MWh × $200 = $29,200
A3. For EV (with FUDS)
- -
- Target pack size specified by USABC: 40 kWh
- -
- Net energy deviation (at 80% DOD): −32 kWh
- -
- Discharging energy/net energy ratio: 123%
- -
- Charging energy/net energy ratio: 23.2%
- -
- Discharging energy during the pattern: 40 kWh × 80% × 123% = 39.36 kWh
- -
- Charging energy during the pattern: 40 kWh × 80% × 23.2% = 7.424 kWh
- -
- Single cycle energy (SCE): (39.36 kWh + 7.424 kWh + 32 kWh) = 79 kWh
- -
- Target cycle count: 1000
- -
- Life cycle energy (LCE): 79 kWh × 1000 = 79 MWh
- -
- Expected V2G income for EV: 79 MWh × $200 = $15,800
A3.1. SK Innovation’s 15 Ah cell for PHEV
- -
- Projected CS cycle count: 800,000 = 2.7 times of the target CS cycle count
- -
- Projected CD cycle count: 8000 = 1.6 times of the target CD cycle count
- -
- Life cycle energy (LCE) for minimum PHEV: 30 MWh × 2.7 + 34 MWh × 1.6 = 135 MWh
- -
- Life cycle energy (LCE) for maximum PHEV: 30 MWh × 2.7 + 116 MWh × 1.6 = 267 MWh
- -
- Expected V2G income for minimum PHEV: 135 MWh × $200 = $27,000
- -
- Expected V2G income for maximum PHEV: 267 MWh × $200 = $53,400
A3.2. SK Innovation’s 25 Ah cell for EV
- -
- Cycle count at EOL: 3000 = 3 times of the target EV cycle count
- -
- Life cycle energy (LCE) for EV (40 kWh): 79 MWh × 3 = 237 MWh
- -
- Expected V2G income for EV: 237 MWh × $200 = $47,400
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Han, S.; Han, S. Economic Feasibility of V2G Frequency Regulation in Consideration of Battery Wear. Energies 2013, 6, 748-765. https://doi.org/10.3390/en6020748
Han S, Han S. Economic Feasibility of V2G Frequency Regulation in Consideration of Battery Wear. Energies. 2013; 6(2):748-765. https://doi.org/10.3390/en6020748
Chicago/Turabian StyleHan, Sekyung, and Soohee Han. 2013. "Economic Feasibility of V2G Frequency Regulation in Consideration of Battery Wear" Energies 6, no. 2: 748-765. https://doi.org/10.3390/en6020748