Utilization of Microalgal Biofractions for Bioethanol, Higher Alcohols, and Biodiesel Production: A Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
Microalgal Biomass as a Potential Source for Biofuel Generation
2. Various Pretreatment Methods for the Extraction of Microalgal Biofractions
2.1. Physical Pretreatment
2.2. Chemical Pretreatment
2.3. Biological Pretreatment
Bio-Pretreatment: A New Approach to Economic Pretreatment for the Extraction of Microalgal Bioblocks
3. Fermentation of Carbohydrates from Microalgae for Production of Bioethanol
3.1. Metabolic Pathways
3.2. Saccharification and Fermentation Strategies
3.3. Long-Term and Continuous Production of Bioethanol through Repeated Batch Fermentation
4. Conversions of Proteins into Higher Alcohol
5. Conversion of Microalgal Lipid Fraction into Biodiesel and Glycerol
6. Fermentation of by-Product Glycerol into Butanol
7. Conclusions and Future Perspectives
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Microalgae strains | Carbohydrates | Proteins | Lipids |
---|---|---|---|
Scenedesmus (S-2) | 54.2 | 30.1 | 17.8 |
Scenedesmus (S-1) | 50.4 | 7.15 | 35.7 |
Chlamydomonas mexicana | 52.6 | 37.0 | 10.4 |
Chlorella (C-2) | 49.7 | 14.6 | 30.3 |
Nannochloropsis (N-4) | 8.92 | 62.8 | 18.1 |
Nannochloropsis oculata | 8.00 | 57.0 | 32.0 |
Nannochloropsis sp. | 21.0 | 56.0 | 9.00 |
Chlorella vulgaris | 9.10 | 54.9 | 15.5 |
Scenedesmus sp. | 31.0 | 50.0 | 8.00 |
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii | 15.1 | 47.4 | 18.1 |
Pavlova (P-1) | 28.0 | 46.9 | 13.9 |
Chlorella (C-1) | 16.1 | 46.8 | 15.8 |
Nannochloropsis (N-3) | 9.21 | 46.6 | 20.1 |
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii CW15+ | 11.5 | 45.7 | 22.4 |
Porphyridium cruentum | 40.0 | 43.0 | 8.00 |
Aurantiochytrium sp. KRS101 | 5.80 | 30.0 | 57.5 |
Nannochloropsis (N-1) | 12.9 | 12.9 | 55.4 |
Chlorella protothecoides | 29.0 | 11.0 | 53.0 |
Nannochloropsis (N-2) | 15.9 | 18.2 | 49.3 |
Microalgae | Intrinsic Carbohydrate, % | Enhanced Carbohydrate, % | Carbohydrates Productivity, mg L−1 d−1 | Biomass Concentration, g L−1 | Technique | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chlorella vulgaris | 12–17 | 41 | 199 | - | Nitrogen starvation | [34] |
55 | - | ~0.6 | Phosphorus starvation | [35] | ||
38 | - | ~0.2 | Nitrogen starvation | |||
60 | - | ~1.0 | Sulfur starvation | |||
44 | 66–112 | - | Grow on glucose | [36] | ||
23 | 18–20 | - | Grow on acetate | |||
29–34 | 26–35 | - | Grow on glycerol | |||
Spirulina platensis | 8–14 | 55–65 | - | 0.15–0.52 | Nitrogen starvation | [37] |
63 | 170 | 0.94 | Phosphorus starvation | |||
50 | 290 | 1.6 | Light intensity and nitrate supply | |||
Spirulina maxima | 13–16 | 34 | - | ~1.3 | Light intensity | [38] |
60–70 | - | ~1.3 | Nitrogen starvation | |||
50 | - | ~1.2 | Salt stress |
Enzyme | pH | Temp., °C | Substrate | Total Reducing Sugar Yield | Ethanol Concentration | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cellulase (≥1 U mg−1) | 5 | 50 | Chlamydomonas mexicana | 445.5 mg (g biomass)−1 | 10.5 g L−1 | [64] |
(Celluclast 1.5L, Novoprime B957), + Amyloglucosidase (300 L), | 5.5 | 55 | Dunaliella tertiolecta LB999 | 42.0% (w w−1) | 14% | [65] |
α-amylase 0.2 (%, v w−1) | 4.5 | 55 | Chlamydomonas reinhardtii UTEX 90 | 43.6% (w w−1) | 11.73 g L−1 | [66] |
NaOH (0.75 w v−1) | - | 120 | Chlorococcum infusionum | 350.13 mg (g biomass)−1 | 26.13% | [67] |
Sulfuric acid (3% v v−1) | - | 160 | Chlorococcum humicola | 43.6% (w w−1) | 6.47 g L−1 | [50] |
Property | Diesel Fuel | Biodiesel | Blend a |
---|---|---|---|
Cetane number | 53 | 70–90 | 57.8 |
Sulfur content (mg L−1) | <10 | <1 | 4.7 |
Distillation (°C) | 180–360 | 265–320 | 249–341 |
Lower heating value (MJ kg−1) | 35.7 | 44 | 36.5 |
Cloud point (°C) | −5 | −20 | −4.1 |
Stability | Baseline | Baseline | Baseline |
Specific gravity (kg m−3) | 835 | 780 | 827 |
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El-Dalatony, M.M.; Salama, E.-S.; Kurade, M.B.; Hassan, S.H.A.; Oh, S.-E.; Kim, S.; Jeon, B.-H. Utilization of Microalgal Biofractions for Bioethanol, Higher Alcohols, and Biodiesel Production: A Review. Energies 2017, 10, 2110. https://doi.org/10.3390/en10122110
El-Dalatony MM, Salama E-S, Kurade MB, Hassan SHA, Oh S-E, Kim S, Jeon B-H. Utilization of Microalgal Biofractions for Bioethanol, Higher Alcohols, and Biodiesel Production: A Review. Energies. 2017; 10(12):2110. https://doi.org/10.3390/en10122110
Chicago/Turabian StyleEl-Dalatony, Marwa M., El-Sayed Salama, Mayur B. Kurade, Sedky H. A. Hassan, Sang-Eun Oh, Sunjoon Kim, and Byong-Hun Jeon. 2017. "Utilization of Microalgal Biofractions for Bioethanol, Higher Alcohols, and Biodiesel Production: A Review" Energies 10, no. 12: 2110. https://doi.org/10.3390/en10122110