Helmet Use and Associated Factors among Thai Motorcyclists during Songkran Festival
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methodology
2.1. Sample and Procedure
2.2. Measures
2.3. Data Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Sample Characteristics
3.2. Helmet Use Experiences, Attitudes and Road Safety Awareness Campaign Exposure
Total | Non-helmet use of rider | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Number | % | Number | % | |
Demographics | ||||
All | 18,998 | 8,369 | 44.2 | |
Male | 12,744 | 67.3 | 5,683 | 44.7 |
Female | 6,183 | 32.7 | 2,651 | 43.0 |
Age (by self-report) | ||||
<15 | 403 | 2.2 | 203 | 50.6 |
15–17 | 2,045 | 11.4 | 1,245 | 61.1 |
18–25 | 7,860 | 43.9 | 3,895 | 49.7 |
26–59 | 7,480 | 41.8 | 2,449 | 32.8 |
60 or more | 128 | 0.7 | 39 | 31.0 |
Region | ||||
North | 4,546 | 23.9 | 2,850 | 62.9 |
Central | 4,663 | 24.5 | 2,003 | 43.1 |
Northeast | 4,989 | 26.3 | 2,135 | 43.1 |
South | 4,800 | 25.3 | 1,381 | 28.8 |
Motorcycle and environmental characteristics | ||||
Type of motorcycle | ||||
50–110 cc | 7,047 | 31.1 | 3,179 | 45.2 |
Over 110 cc | 5,910 | 37.1 | 2,717 | 46.1 |
Missing | 6,041 | 31.8 | ||
Data collection time | ||||
07:00–09:00 | 5,557 | 29.3 | 2,308 | 41.7 |
13:00–15:00 | 5,790 | 30.5 | 2,619 | 45.4 |
17:00–19:00 | 5,688 | 30.0 | 2,524 | 44.5 |
22:00–24:00 | 1,943 | 10.2 | 910 | 47.1 |
Date of data collection | ||||
13 April 2007 | 4,910 | 25.8 | 2,313 | 47.3 |
14 April | 4,616 | 24.3 | 2,068 | 44.9 |
15 April | 4,744 | 25.0 | 2,217 | 47.0 |
16 April 2007 | 4,726 | 24.9 | 1,770 | 37.6 |
Location of data collection | ||||
Main road in town | 6,306 | 33.2 | 2,663 | 42.4 |
Roads out of town | 6,265 | 33.0 | 2,872 | 46.1 |
Highway | 6,406 | 33.8 | 2,815 | 44.2 |
Variable | Response options | Total motorcycle riders | Non-helmet user | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number | % | Number | % | ||
Helmet use experiences and attitudes | |||||
Been in accident before | No | 12,649 | 66.6 | 5,479 | 43.5 |
Yes | 6,349 | 33.4 | 2,890 | 45.7 | |
Rider status when in accident | Rider | 4,557 | 75.7 | 2,146 | 47.2 |
Passenger | 1,370 | 22.8 | 601 | 44.1 | |
Pedestrian | 93 | 1.5 | 37 | 39.8 | |
Have you ever used a helmet before | No | 7,600 | 40.2 | 5,925 | 52.6 |
Yes | 11,290 | 59.8 | 2,395 | 31.7 | |
Perceived danger of not using a helmet | No | 4,720 | 25.0 | 2,008 | 42.7 |
Yes | 14,175 | 75.0 | 6,316 | 44.7 | |
Aware of danger of not using a helmet | Low | 840 | 4.4 | 425 | 50.7 |
Moderate | 7,525 | 39.8 | 3,328 | 44.4 | |
High | 10,544 | 55.8 | 4,580 | 43.6 | |
Perceived risk about being caught by the police because of not using a helmet | High risk | 7,788 | 41.3 | 3,602 | 46.4 |
Moderate risk | 7,411 | 39.3 | 3,271 | 44.3 | |
Low risk | 2,078 | 11.0 | 855 | 41.3 | |
No risk | 1,595 | 8.5 | 584 | 36.7 | |
Ever been caught by police because of not using a helmet | No | 8,918 | 52.8 | 3,839 | 38.6 |
Yes | 9,983 | 47.2 | 4,483 | 50.4 | |
Exposure to road safety awareness (RSA) campaign | |||||
Heard advertising campaign on RSA | No | 3,066 | 16.1 | 1,428 | 46.9 |
Yes | 15,926 | 83.9 | 6,938 | 43.7 | |
RTI campaign on radio or TV | Never | 2,476 | 13.2 | 1,198 | 48.5 |
Not often | 10,253 | 54.5 | 4,391 | 43.0 | |
Frequently | 5,493 | 29.2 | 2,409 | 44.0 | |
Not sure | 587 | 3.1 | 272 | 46.4 | |
Talking to others about RSA in the media | Never | 7,729 | 40.8 | 3,789 | 49.2 |
Ever | 7,600 | 40.1 | 3,031 | 40.0 | |
Not sure | 3,620 | 19.1 | 1,533 | 42.6 | |
How feel about RSA media | Not like | 1,119 | 5.9 | 560 | 50.0 |
Like a little bit | 11,676 | 61.7 | 5,148 | 44.3 | |
Like very | 5,173 | 27.3 | 2,205 | 42.7 | |
much | 955 | 5.0 | 433 | 45.4 | |
Not sure | |||||
Follows the TV news report on RSA statistics | Never | 2,614 | 13.8 | 1,256 | 48.2 |
Not often | 9,841 | 52.0 | 4,415 | 45.0 | |
Frequently | 5,552 | 29.3 | 2,244 | 40.6 | |
Not sure | 912 | 4.8 | 436 | 48.2 |
3.3. Association between Non-Helmet Use and Demographics, Experiences, Attitudes and RSA Campaign Exposure
Non-helmet use-rider | ||
---|---|---|
Adjusted Odds Ratio a | ||
Demographics | Gender | |
Female | 1.00 (Reference) | |
Male | 1.00 (0.93–1.07) | |
Age | ||
<15 years old | 1.00 | |
15–17 | 1.45 (1.16–1.83)*** | |
18–25 | 0.95 (0.77–1.18) | |
26–59 | 0.46 (0.37–0.57)*** | |
60 or more | 0.33 (0.21–0.52)*** | |
Region | ||
North | 1.00 | |
Central | 0.40 (0.36–0.44)*** | |
Northeast | 0.34 (0.31–0.37)*** | |
South | 0.19 (0.18–0.21)*** | |
Environmental factors | Motorcycle up to 110 cc vs. more than 110 cc | 0.92 (0.87–1.14) |
Having a passenger versus none | 1.62 (1.52–1.73)*** | |
Day of Songkran festival | ||
13 April 2007 | 1.00 | |
14 April | 0.93 (0.85–1.01) | |
15 April | 1.03 (0.94–1.12) | |
16 April 2007 | 0.70 (0.64–0.77)*** | |
Time of the day | ||
07:00–09:00 | 1.00 | |
13:00–15:00 | 1.15 (1.06–1.25)*** | |
17:00–19:00 | 1.16 (1.07–1.26)*** | |
22:00–24:00 | 1.27 (1.13–1.43)*** | |
Type of road | ||
Main road in town | 1.00 | |
Roads out of town | 1.20 (1.11–1.30)*** | |
Highway | 1.10 (1.03–1.21)* | |
Helmet use experiences and attitudes | Been in accident before | 1.08 (1.01–1.16)* |
Awareness of danger of non-helmet use | ||
High | 1.00 | |
Moderate | 1.09 (0.93–1.27) | |
No/not sure | 1.10 (1.03–1.18)** | |
Caught with non-helmet use | 1.55 (1.45–1.66)*** | |
Exposure to road safety awareness campaign | Not heard about RSA campaign | 1.11 (1.00–1.23)* |
Frequency of exposure to RSA campaign | ||
Frequently | 1.00 | |
Not often | 0.98 (0.91–1.06) | |
Never/not sure | 1.13 (1.00–1.27)* | |
Not talking to others about RSA media | 1.02 (0.96–1.10) | |
Follows RTI statistics | ||
Frequently | 1.00 | |
Not often | 1.07 (0.99–1.16) | |
Never, not sure | 1.13 (1.02–1.25)* |
3.4. Discussion
3.5. Study Limitations
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgements
Conflict of Interest
References and Notes
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Siviroj, P.; Peltzer, K.; Pengpid, S.; Morarit, S. Helmet Use and Associated Factors among Thai Motorcyclists during Songkran Festival. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2012, 9, 3286-3297. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph9093286
Siviroj P, Peltzer K, Pengpid S, Morarit S. Helmet Use and Associated Factors among Thai Motorcyclists during Songkran Festival. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2012; 9(9):3286-3297. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph9093286
Chicago/Turabian StyleSiviroj, Penprapa, Karl Peltzer, Supa Pengpid, and Sompong Morarit. 2012. "Helmet Use and Associated Factors among Thai Motorcyclists during Songkran Festival" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 9, no. 9: 3286-3297. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph9093286