Examining Land-Use/Land-Cover Change in the Lake Dianchi Watershed of the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau of Southwest China with Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques: 1974–2008
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Study Area
3. Methodology
3.1. Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques
3.2. Data and Processing
3.3. Land-Use/Land-Cover Classification System
Land-use/Land-cover Types | Description |
---|---|
Developed area | Urban area, rural developed area, transportation area, and industrial and mining areas |
Forest land | Arboreal forest, shrubbery area, and economic forest |
Wild grassland | Sparse woodland, rangelands in water deficit, and other grasslands |
Water | Lakes, rivers, reservoirs, and ponds |
Agricultural land | Irrigated arid land, unirrigated dry land, terraced land, vegetable land, and fruit land |
Bare land | Bare rock, bare soil, vacant land, and other land that cannot be utilized |
3.4. Land-Use/Land-Cover Classification Method
3.5. Dynamic Index of Land-Use/Land-Cover
3.6 Landscape Metrics
Metric | Description | Unit | Range |
---|---|---|---|
NP: Number of patches | NP equals the number of patches of the corresponding patch type (class). | None | NP ≥ 1, no limit |
MPS: Mean Patch Size | MPS equals the sum, across all patches in the landscape, of the corresponding patch metric values divided by the total number of patches and 10,000 (to convert into hectares). | Hectares per patch | MPS ≥ 0, no limit |
ED: Edge Density | ED equals the sum of the lengths (m) of all edge segments in the landscape divided by the total landscape area (m2) multiplied by 10,000 (to convert into hectares). | Meters per hectare | ED ≥ 0, no limit |
AWMS: Area-Weighted Mean Shape | AWMS equals the sum, across all patches in the landscape, of the corresponding patch metric value multiplied by the proportional abundance of the patch [ i.e., the patch area (m2) divided by the sum of patch areas]. | None | AWMS ≥ 1 |
PAFRAC: Perimeter Area Fractal Dimension | PAFRAC equals 2 divided by the slope of the regression line obtained by regressing the logarithm of the patch area (m2) against the logarithm of the patch perimeter (m). | None | 1 ≤ PAFRAC ≤ 2 |
CONTAG: Contagion Index | CONTAG measures the overall probability that a cell of a patch type is adjacent to cells of the same type. | Percent | 0 < CONTAG ≤ 100 |
AI: Aggregation Index | AI equals the number of like adjacencies involving the corresponding class divided by the maximum possible number of like adjacencies involving the corresponding class, which is achieved when the class is maximally clumped into a single, compact patch; multiplied by 100 (to convert into a percentage). | Percent | 0 < CONTAG ≤ 100 |
LPI: Largest Patch Index | LPI equals the area (m2) of the largest patch of the corresponding patch type divided by the total landscape area (m2) multiplied by 100 (to convert into a percentage); i.e., LPI equals the percentage of the landscape comprised by the largest patch. | Percent | 0 < LPI ≤ 100 |
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Land-Use/Land-Cover Maps and Accuracy Assessment
4.2. Structure, LULCC, and Landscape
Land-Use/Land-Cover Type | 1974 | 1988 | 1998 | 2008 | Relative Change 1974–2008 (%) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Area (km2) | % | Area (km2) | % | Area (km2) | % | Area (km2) | % | ||
Developed area | 98.4 | 3.5 | 178.4 | 6.3 | 244.4 | 8.6 | 417.6 | 14.7 | 324.4 |
Agricultural land | 1,175.8 | 41.5 | 1,151.7 | 40.6 | 1,399.4 | 49.4 | 1,187.6 | 41.9 | 1.0 |
Forest land | 648.3 | 22.9 | 714.1 | 25.2 | 671.9 | 23.7 | 666.8 | 23.5 | 2.8 |
Wild grassland | 533.5 | 18.8 | 440.7 | 15.5 | 163.4 | 5.8 | 202.1 | 7.1 | −62.1 |
Bare land | 46.6 | 1.6 | 40.5 | 1.4 | 48.7 | 1.7 | 50.4 | 1.8 | 8.2 |
Water | 332.2 | 11.7 | 309.4 | 10.9 | 307.1 | 10.8 | 310.2 | 10.9 | −6.6 |
1974/2008 | Developed Area | Agricultural Land | Forest Land | Wild Grassland | Water | Bare Land | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Developed area | 66.9 | 25.1 | 2.3 | 2.6 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 98.4 |
Agricultural land | 291.4 | 673.0 | 119.5 | 66.2 | 3.2 | 22.5 | 1,175.8 |
Forest land | 10.1 | 194.9 | 418.3 | 21.4 | 0.6 | 2.9 | 648.3 |
Wild grassland | 38.5 | 249.8 | 119.4 | 103.1 | 3.0 | 19.8 | 533.5 |
Water | 4.6 | 22.9 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 302.6 | 0.8 | 332.2 |
Bare land | 6.1 | 22.0 | 6.7 | 8.1 | 0.1 | 3.7 | 46.6 |
Total | 417.6 | 1,187.6 | 666.8 | 202.1 | 310.2 | 50.4 | 2,834.8 |
4.3. Developed Area Changes
4.4. Agricultural Land Changes
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgements
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Zhao, Y.; Zhang, K.; Fu, Y.; Zhang, H. Examining Land-Use/Land-Cover Change in the Lake Dianchi Watershed of the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau of Southwest China with Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques: 1974–2008. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2012, 9, 3843-3865. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph9113843
Zhao Y, Zhang K, Fu Y, Zhang H. Examining Land-Use/Land-Cover Change in the Lake Dianchi Watershed of the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau of Southwest China with Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques: 1974–2008. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2012; 9(11):3843-3865. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph9113843
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhao, Yaolong, Ke Zhang, Yingchun Fu, and Hong Zhang. 2012. "Examining Land-Use/Land-Cover Change in the Lake Dianchi Watershed of the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau of Southwest China with Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques: 1974–2008" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 9, no. 11: 3843-3865. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph9113843