Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2009, 6(3), 1174-1203; doi:10.3390/ijerph6031174
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Indirect Potable Reuse: A Sustainable Water Supply Alternative

Clemencia Rodriguez 1,* email, Paul Van Buynder 2 email, Richard Lugg 2 email, Palenque Blair 3 email, Brian Devine 1 email, Angus Cook 1 email and Philip Weinstein 1 email
1 School of Population Health, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, (M431) Crawley WA 6009 Western Australia, Australia 2 Department of Health, Government of Western Australia, Grace Vaughan House 227 Stubbs Terrace, Shenton Park, WA 6008 Western Australia, Australia 3 Water Corporation, Western Australia, 629 Newcastle Street, Leederville, Perth WA 6007 Western Australia, Australia
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Received: 22 December 2008 / Accepted: 11 March 2009 / Published: 17 March 2009
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainability: Environmental Studies and Public Health)
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Abstract: The growing scarcity of potable water supplies is among the most important issues facing many cities, in particular those using single sources of water that are climate dependent. Consequently, urban centers are looking to alternative sources of water supply that can supplement variable rainfall and meet the demands of population growth. A diversified portfolio of water sources is required to ensure public health, as well as social, economical and environmental sustainability. One of the options considered is the augmentation of drinking water supplies with advanced treated recycled water. This paper aims to provide a state of the art review of water recycling for drinking purposes with emphasis on membrane treatment processes. An overview of significant indirect potable reuse projects is presented followed by a description of the epidemiological and toxicological studies evaluating any potential human health impacts. Finally, a summary of key operational measures to protect human health and the areas that require further research are discussed.
Keywords: Chemicals of concern; health impacts; risk assessment; recycled water

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MDPI and ACS Style

Rodriguez, C.; Van Buynder, P.; Lugg, R.; Blair, P.; Devine, B.; Cook, A.; Weinstein, P. Indirect Potable Reuse: A Sustainable Water Supply Alternative. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2009, 6, 1174-1203.

AMA Style

Rodriguez C, Van Buynder P, Lugg R, Blair P, Devine B, Cook A, Weinstein P. Indirect Potable Reuse: A Sustainable Water Supply Alternative. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2009; 6(3):1174-1203.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rodriguez, Clemencia; Van Buynder, Paul; Lugg, Richard; Blair, Palenque; Devine, Brian; Cook, Angus; Weinstein, Philip. 2009. "Indirect Potable Reuse: A Sustainable Water Supply Alternative." Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 6, no. 3: 1174-1203.

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