Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2009, 6(3), 1095-1106; doi:10.3390/ijerph6031095
Disparities in Health Care Utilization by Smoking Status – NHANES 1999-2004
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health, 4770 Buford Highway, NE., MS-K50, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, USA
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Received: 16 December 2008 / Accepted: 10 March 2009 / Published: 13 March 2009
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Tobacco Smoking and Public Health)
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Abstract
The objective of this study was to assess disparities in health care utilization, by smoking status, among adults in the United States.We used 1999–2004 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data from 15,332 adults.Multivariate logistic regressions were used to examine the relationship between smoking status (current, former, and never smoker), with health care utilization.After controlling for demographic characteristics, current smokers and former smokers who quit either <2 years or ≥10 years prior to the survey were more likely to have had inpatient admission in the past year than never smokers.Current smokers did not differ from never smokers on whether they had an outpatient visit in the past year.They were, however, more likely than never smokers to have ≥ 4 outpatient visits.Smokers who quit either <2 years ago or ≥10 years ago were more likely to have had an outpatient visit than never smokers.Former smokers were more likely than never smokers to have ≥ 4 outpatient visits regardless of when they quit.Our results show that cigarette smoking is associated with higher health care utilization for current and former smokers than for never smokers.Frequent hospitalization and outpatient visits translate into higher medical costs.Therefore, more efforts are needed to promote interventions that discourage smoking initiation and encourage cessation.Keywords:
Smoking; tobacco use; health care; cessation; utilization
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 3.0).
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Kahende, J.W.; Adhikari, B.; Maurice, E.; Rock, V.; Malarcher, A. Disparities in Health Care Utilization by Smoking Status – NHANES 1999-2004. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2009, 6, 1095-1106.
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