Health Inequalities amongst People of African Descent in the Americas, 2005–2017: A Systematic Review of the Literature
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Design
2.2. Eligibility Criteria
Inclusion Criteria
- (1)
- People of African descent in the Americas as the population of interest.
- (2)
- Published from 2005 to 2017.
- (3)
- Written in English, Portuguese, or Spanish.
- (4)
- For quantitative studies: report or demonstrate the use of methodologies and measurement instruments to establish an association between African descent and social inequalities in health.
- (5)
- For qualitative studies: use methodologies and assessment instruments to establish an association between African descent and social inequalities in health.
- (6)
- Contextual framework considers historical, social, and cultural factors that affect the living conditions of people of African descent in the Americas.
- (7)
- Research approach considers how inequalities and inequities in health are generated among people of African descent in the Americas.
- (8)
- Address differences in equality, equity in health, or disease (morbidity and mortality) outcomes between people of African descent in the Americas and other population groups.
- (9)
- Consider factors that generate cumulative effects in terms of ethnic inequalities and inequities among people of African descent in the Americas (e.g., female gender, living in remote rural areas).
2.3. Operating Concepts
2.3.1. Quantitative Research
2.3.2. Qualitative Research
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Rangel, M. Políticas públicas para afrodescendiente: Marco institucional en Brasil, Colombia, Ecuador y Perú. In Serie Políticas Sociales 220; CEPAL: Santiago, Chile, 2016; p. 17. [Google Scholar]
- OPS/WHO. Política sobre Etnicidad y Salud. 29ª Conferencia Sanitaria Panamericana. CSP29/7, Rev. 1. 2017. Available online: https://www.paho.org/hq/index.php?option=com_docman&view=download&category_slug=mandatos-estrategias-ops-oms-6634&alias=47097-politica-sobre-etnicidad-y-salud&Itemid=270&lang=es (accessed on 4 August 2019).
- CEPAL/UNFPA/OPS. Situación de Las Personas Afrodescendientes en América Latina y Desafíos de Políticas Para la Garantía de sus Derechos. Available online: https://repositorio.cepal.org/bitstream/handle/11362/42654/1/S1701063_es.pdf (accessed on 4 August 2019).
- Lee, H.; Hicken, M.T. Racism and the Health of White Americans. Am. J. Bioeth. 2018, 18, 21–23. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Green, T.L.; Bodas, M.V.; Jones, H.A.; Masho, S.W.; Hagiwara, N. Disparities in Self-Reported Prenatal Counseling: Does Immigrant Status Matter? J. Community Health 2018, 43, 864–873. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Green, T.L.; Peters, A.C. Region of Birth and Child Mortality among Black Migrants to South Africa: Is there a foreign-born advantage? Migr. Lett. 2016, 13, 359–376. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ramraj, C.; Shahidi, F.V.; Darity, W., Jr.; Kawachi, I.; Zuberi, D.; Siddiqi, A. Equally inequitable? A cross-national comparative study of racial health inequalities in the United States and Canada. Soc. Sci. Med. 2016, 161, 19–26. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- United Nations. Leaving No One Behind. 2018. Available online: https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/2754713_July_PM_2._Leaving_no_one_behind_Summary_from_UN_Committee_for_Development_Policy.pdf (accessed on 4 August 2019).
- Weightman, A.L.; Ellis, S.; Cullum, A.; Sander, L.; Turley, R.L. (Eds.) Grading Evidence and Recommendations for Public Health Interventions: Developing and Piloting a Framework; Project Report; Health Development Agency: London, UK, 2005. [Google Scholar]
- Hernández Sampieri, R.; Fernández Collado, C.; Baptista Lucio, P. Metodología de la Investigación; México, D.F., Ed.; McGraw-Hill: New York, NY, USA, 2006. [Google Scholar]
- Gerend, M.A.; Pai, M. Social Determinants of Black-White Disparities in Breast Cancer Mortality: A Review. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev. 2008, 17, 2913–2923. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Levine, R.S.; Rust, G.S.; Pisu, M.; Agboto, V.; Baltrus, P.A.; Briggs, N.C.; Zoorob, R.; Juarez, P.; Hull, P.C.; Goldzweig, I.; et al. Increased Black–White Disparities in Mortality After the Introduction of Lifesaving Innovations: A Possible Consequence of US Federal Laws. Am. J. Public Health 2010, 100, 2176–2184. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- González-Guzmán, R.; García-García, J.J.; Tinoco-Marquina, A. La inequidad por clase, etnia y género expresada en el desmedro. In Revista Gerencia y Política en Salud; Universidad Javeriana: Bogotá, Colombia, 2010. [Google Scholar]
- Del Popolo, F.; Ávila, M. Pueblos Indígenas y Afrodescendientes de América Latina y el Caribe: Información Sociodemográfica Para Políticas y Programas; Repositorio CEPAL: Santiago, Chile, 2005. [Google Scholar]
- Antón, J.; Bello, A.; Del Popolo, F.; Paixao, M. Afrodescendientes en América Latina y el Caribe: Del Reconocimiento Estadístico a la Realización de Derechos; Repositorio CEPAL: Santiago, Chile, 2009. [Google Scholar]
- Landmann-Szwarcwald, C.; Macinko, J. A panorama of health inequalities in Brazil. Int. J. Equity Health 2016, 15, 174. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sanders, A.E.; Lim, S.; Sohn, W. Resilience to urban poverty: Theoretical and empirical considerations for population health. Am. J. Public Health 2008, 98, 1101–1106. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Villamizar Santamaría, S.F. Desigualdades sociales, “inequidades espaciales” Análisis de la segregación sociorracial en Bogotá (2005–2011). Rev. Colomb. Sociol. 2015, 38, 67–92. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hoffmann, O. De las “tres razas” al mestizaje: Diversidad de las representaciones colectivas acerca de “lo negro” en México (Veracruz y Costa Chica). Archive Ouverte en Sciences de l’Homme et de la Société. 2007, 42, pp. 98–109. Available online: https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00463296 (accessed on 8 September 2019).
- Portela Guarín, H.; Astaiza Bravo, N.X.; Guerrero Pepinosa, N.Y.; Rodríguez Guarín, S. Rescatar la medicina tradicional en la salud materno infantil de las comunidades afrocaucanas a través del diálogo intercultural. Rev. Univ. Salud 2013, 15, 225–238. [Google Scholar]
- Lara Millán, G. Construcción del sujeto de derecho Afrodescendiente en México: Reflexiones desde el pacífico sur mexicano. Diálogo Andino 2017, 52, 57–76. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Barbary, O.; Estacio Moreno, A. Desigualdad socio racial frente a la movilidad laboral en Cali. Algunos resultados del análisis de biografías socio profesionales. In Pobreza, exclusión social y discriminación étnico racial en América Latina y el Caribe, Biblioteca Universitaria Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades, Colección CLACSO-CROP; Siglo del Hombre, CLACSO: Bogotá, Colombia, 2008. [Google Scholar]
- Pedemonte, N.R.; Amode, N.; Rencoret, J.V. Racismo y matrices de “inclusión” de la migración haitiana en Chile: Elementos conceptuales y contextuales para la discusión. Polis 2015, 14, 217–245. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Baidoobonso, S.; Bauer, G.R.; Speechley, K.N. HIV risk perception and distribution of HIV risk among African, Caribbean and other black people in a Canadian. BMC Public Health 2013, 13, 184. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Clark, C.R.; Baril, N.; Kunicki, M.C. Addressing social determinants of health to improve access to early breast cancer detection: Results of the Boston REACH 2010. Breast and Cervical Cancer Coalition Women’s Health Demonstration Project. J. Women’s Health 2009, 18, 677–690. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Shelton, R.C.; Winkel, G.; Davis, S.N.; Roberts, N.; Valdimarsdottir, H.; Hall, S.J.; Thompson, H.S. Validation of the Group-Based Medical Mistrust Scale Among Urban Black Men. J. Gen. Intern. Med. 2010, 25, 549–555. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Panapasa, S.V.; Mau, M.K.; Williams, D.R.; McNally, J.W. Mortality Patterns of Native Hawaiians Across Their Lifespan: 1990–2000. Am. J. Public Health 2010, 100, 2304–2310. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lieb, S.; Prejean, J.; Thompson, D.R.; Fallon, S.J.; Cooper, H.; Gates, G.J.; Liberti, T.M.; Friedman, S.R.; Malow, R.M. HIV prevalence rates among men who have sex with men in the southern United States: Population-based estimates by race/ethnicity. AIDS Behav. 2011, 15, 596–606. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- LaVeist, T.; Pollack, K.; Thorpe, R.; Fesahazion, R.; Gaskin, D. Place, Not Race: Disparities Dissipate In Southwest Baltimore When Blacks And Whites Live Under Similar Conditions. Health Aff. 2011, 30, 1880–1887. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Trivedi, A.N.; Grebla, R.C.; Wright, S.M.; Washington, D.L. Despite Improved Quality of Care In The Veterans Affairs Health System, Racial Disparity Persists For Important Clinical Outcomes. Health Aff. 2011, 30, 707–715. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Krieger, N.; Chen, J.T.; Waterman Pamela, D. Temporal trends in the black/white breast cancer case ratio for estrogen receptor status: Disparities are historically. Cancer Causes Control 2011, 22, 511–514. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Spruill, T.M.; Gerber, L.M.; Schwartz, J.E.; Pickering, T.G.; Ogedegbe, G. Race Differences in the Physical and Psychological Impact of Hypertension Labeling. Am. J. Hypertens. 2012, 25, 458–463. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Majhail, N.S.; Nayyar, S.; Santibanez, M.B.; Murphy, E.A.; Denzen, E.M. Racial disparities in hematopoietic cell transplantation in the United States. Bone Marrow Transp. 2012, 47, 1385. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kaiser, K.; Cameron, K.A.; Curry, G.; Stolley, M. Black Women’s Awareness of Breast Cancer Disparity and Perceptions of the Causes of Disparity. J. Community Health 2013, 38, 766–772. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Johnson-Lawrence, V.; Griffith, D.M.; Watkins, D.C. The Effects of Race, Ethnicity, and Mood/Anxiety Disorders on the Chronic Physical Health Conditions of Men from a National Sample. Am. J. Men. Health 2013, 7, 58S–67S. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Celeste, R.K.; Gonçalves, L.G.; Faerstein, E.; Bastos, J.L. The role of potential mediators in racial inequalities in tooth loss: The Pró-Saúde study. Community Dent. Oral Epidemiol. 2013, 41, 509–516. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Pinto, R.D.; de Abreu, M.H.N.G.; Vargas, A.M.D. Comparing adult’s users public and private dental services in the state of Mina Gerais, Brazil. BMC Oral Health 2014, 14, 100. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Francis, D.K.; Bennett, N.R.; Ferguson, T.S.; Hennis, A.J.; Wilks, R.J.; Harris, E.N.; MacLeish, M.M.; Sullivan, L.W. Disparities in cardiovascular disease among Caribbean populations: A systematic literature review. BMC Public Health 2015, 15, 828. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Linton, S.L.; Cooper, H.L.F.; Kelley, M.E.; Karnes, C.C.; Ross, Z.; Wolfe, M.E.; Jarlais, D.D.; Semaan, S.; Tempalski, B.; DiNenno, E.; et al. HIV Infection Among People Who Inject Drugs in the United States: Geographically Explained Variance Across Racial and Ethnic Groups. Am. J. Public Health 2015, 105, 2457–2465. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Grace, S.L.; Tan, Y.; Cribbie, R.A.; Nguyen, H.; Ritvo, P.; Irvine, J. The mental health status of ethnocultural minorities in Ontario and their mental health care. BMC Psychiatry 2016, 16, 47. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jiménez-Benítez, A.; Rodríguez-Martín, R.; Rodríguez, R. Análisis de Determinantes Sociales de la desnutrición en Latinoamérica. Nutr. Hosp. 2010, 25, 18–25. [Google Scholar]
- Santos Padrón, H. Los determinantes sociales, las desigualdades en salud y las políticas, como temas de investigación. Rev. Cuba. Salud Pública 2011. Available online: http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0864-34662011000200007 (accessed on 8 September 2019).
- García de Pinto da Cunha, E.M. Recorte étnico-racial, en el libro Saúde da População Negra. In Coleção Negras e Negros: Pesquisas e Debates; ABPN, Associação Brasileira de Pesquisadores Negros: Brasilia, Brasil, 2012. [Google Scholar]
- Faustino, D.M. A equidade racial nas políticas de saúde. In Publicacoes Saúde População Negra; ABPN, Associação Brasileira de Pesquisadores Negros: Brasilia, Brasil, 2012. Available online: http://bvsms.saude.gov.br/bvs/publicacoes/saude_populacao_negra.pdf (accessed on 8 September 2019).
- Batista, L.E.; Monteiro, R.B.; Medeiros, R.A. Iniquidades raciais e saúde: O ciclo da política de saúde da população negra. Saúde Debate 2013, 37, 681–690. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Noreña-Herrera, C.; Leyva-Flores, R.; Palacio-Mejía, L.S.; Duarte-Gómez, M.B. Inequidad en la utilización de servicios de salud reproductiva en Colombia en mujeres indígenas y afrodescendientes. Cadernos de Saúde Pública 2015, 31, 2635–2648. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Alves, R.F.S.; Faerstein, E. Educational inequalities in hypertension: Complex patterns in intersections with gender and race in Brazil. Int. J. Equity Health 2016, 15, 146. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- González-Acosta, A. Derecho a la salud grupos étnicos en Bogotá. La definición del problema y la construcción de la agenda “Bogotá sin indiferencia un compromiso social contra la pobreza y la exclusión” 2004–2007. Vniversitas 2009, 58, 189–216. [Google Scholar]
- ECLAC, UNFPA, PAHO. Mortalidad Infantil y en la Niñez de Pueblos Indígenas y Afrodescendientes de América Latina: Inequidades Estructurales, Patrones Diversos y Evidencia de Derechos no Cumplidos; Repositorio CEPAL: Santiago, Chile, 2010. [Google Scholar]
- Valencia Angulo, L.E. Ambigüedades en dos Décadas de Paradigma Multiculturalista. In Algunos Elementos de la Historia Inmediata de los Afrocolombianos; Repositorio Universidad ICESI: Cali, CO, USA, 2015. [Google Scholar]
- CONAPRED. Afrodescendientes en MÉXICO: Reconocimiento y propuestas antidiscriminación. Dirección General Adjunta de Estudios, Legislación y Políticas Públicas, Documento de Trabajo E192006. 2006. Available online: https://www.conapred.org.mx/index.php?contenido=documento&id=24&id_opcion=148&op=148 (accessed on 8 September 2019).
- Delgadillo, M. Desigualdades sociodemográficas en Nicaragua: Tendencias, relevancia y políticas pertinentes (Acuerdo de Cooperación CEPAL-UNFPA Oficina de Nicaragua); Repositorio CEPAL: Santiago, Chile, 2007. [Google Scholar]
- Torres-Parodi, C.; Bolis, M. Evolución del concepto etnia/raza y su impacto en la formulación de políticas para la equidad. Rev. Panam. Salud Pública 2007, 22, 405–416. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Meertens, D.; Viveros, M.; Arango, L.G. Discriminación Étnico-Racial, Desplazamiento y Género en Los Procesos Identitarios de la Población “Negra” en Sectores Populares de Bogotá; Biblioteca Universitaria Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades, Colección CLACSO-CROP: Bogotá, Colombia, 2008. [Google Scholar]
- Antón, J.; Del Popolo, F. Visibilidad Estadística de la Población Afrodescendiente de América Latina: Aspectos Conceptuales y Metodológicos; Repositorio CEPAL: Santiago, Chile, 2008. [Google Scholar]
- Torres-Parodi, C.; Burbano, E. Etnicidad y Salud. In Oficina Género Etnicidad y Salud AD/GEH (OPS/OMS); OPS/OMS: Washington, DC, USA, 2009. [Google Scholar]
- Sepúlveda Sánchez, D. La variable Etnia/Raza en Los Estudios de Estratificación Social (Proyecto de Desigualdades Tendencia y Procesos Emergentes en la Estratificación social); Repositorio Universidad de Chile: Santiago de Chile, Chile, 2010. [Google Scholar]
- Alfonso León, A.C. Población Cubana ante Factores de Riesgos Para la Salud. In Cuadernos de Estudio Población y Desarrollo 2010; Oficina Nacional de estadística República de Cuba—ONC: Ciudad de La Habana, Cuba, 2010. [Google Scholar]
- OAS. La situación de las personas Afrodescendientes en las Américas. In Documentos Oficiales Comisión de Interamericana de Derechos Humanos de la OEA; OAS: Washington, DC, USA, 2011. [Google Scholar]
- Freitas, D.A.; Caballero, A.D.; Marques, A.S.; Hernández, C.I.V.; Antunes, S.L.N.O. Saúde e comunidades quilombolas: Uma revisão da literatura. Rev. CEFAC 2011, 13, 937–943. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Valdivia Vargas, N. El uso de categorías étnico/raciales en censos y encuestas en el Perú: Balance y aportes para una discusión. In Documentos De Investigación Pobreza Y Equidad: Repositorio Grupo de Análisis para el Desarrollo de las Desigualdades Étnicas en el Perú; GRADE: Lima, Perú, 2011. [Google Scholar]
- Cárdenas, J.C.; Ñopo, H.; Castañeda, J.L. Equidad en la Diferencia: Políticas para la Movilidad Social de Grupos de Identidad Misión de Movilidad Social y Equidad. In Documentos CEDE; Universidad de los Andes: Bogotá, Colombia, 2012. [Google Scholar]
- Martins Soares Filho, A. O recorte étnico-racial nos sistemas de informações em saúde do Brasil. In Saúde da População Negra; Associação Brasileira de Pesquisadores Negros: Ciudad de Brasilia, Brasil.
- Assis Brasil, S.; Alves Bomfi, L. O movimento negro na construção da política nacional de saúde integral da população negra e sua relação com o estado brasileiro. In Saúde da População Negra; Associação Brasileira de Pesquisadores Negros: Brasilia, Brasil, 2012. [Google Scholar]
- Álvarez Castaño, L.S.; Pérez Isaza, E.J. Situación alimentaria y nutricional en Colombia desde la perspectiva de los determinantes sociales de la salud. In Publicación Reflexiones; Universidad de Antioquia: Medellin, CO, USA, 2013. [Google Scholar]
- Quiñones Sánchez, L.; López, G.; Valencia, T.; Cuero Valencia, S.; Gómez Lozano, B.C. Plan especial de salvaguardia de los saberes asociados a la partería Afro del pacífico. In Ministerio de Cultura, Colombia—Dirección de Patrimonio—Grupo de Patrimonio Cultural Inmaterial; Ministerio de Cultura: Bogotá, CO, USA, 2014. [Google Scholar]
- Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social Colombia. Observatorio para Medición de Desigualdades y Análisis de Equidad en Salud. Repositorio Institucional; Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social: Bogotá, Colombia, 2015. [Google Scholar]
- Restrepo, E. Estudios Afrocolombianos en la Antropología: Tres Décadas Después; Repositorio Universidad del Rosario: Bogotá, CO, USA, 2015. [Google Scholar]
- National Urban League. El Estado de la América Negra; Repositorio National Urban League (NUL): Nueva York, Estados Unidos, 2015. [Google Scholar]
- Castillo Guzmán, E.; Guido Guevara, S.P. La interculturalidad: “principio o fin de la utopia” (Artículo de reflexión derivado de investigación). Rev. Colomb. Educ. 2015, 69, 17–44. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Velázquez, M.E.; Iturralde Nieto, G.; Ramírez Caloca, S. Derechos colectivos y reconocimiento constitucional de las poblaciones afro mexicanas. In Colección Legislar Sin Discriminación; Consejo Nacional para Prevenir la Discriminación: Secretaria de Gobernación, Mexico, 2015. [Google Scholar]
- Argüelles Enríquez, E.; Lomelí Carrillo, U. Análisis Espacial de la Desigualdad Social; Repositorio Institucional Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México: Ciudad de México, Mexico, 2016. [Google Scholar]
- del Pino, S.; Coates, A.R.; Milton-Guzman, J.; Gómez-Salgado, J.; Ruiz-Frutos, C. Política sobre etnicidad y salud: Construyendo soluciones equitativas frente a las desigualdades étnicas. Rev. Esp. Salud Pública 2018, 92, e1–e7. [Google Scholar]
Spanish * | English ** |
---|---|
“Determinantes Sociales en Salud” AND Afro$ “Determinantes Sociales en Salud” AND etnicidad “Determinantes Sociales en Salud” AND “étnico-racial” “Determinantes Sociales en Salud” AND “grupos étnicos” “Disparidades Sociales en Salud” AND Afro$ “Disparidades Sociales en Salud” AND etnicidad “Disparidades Sociales en Salud” AND “étnico-racial” “Disparidades Sociales en Salud” AND “grupos étnicos” “Revisión sistemática exploratoria” | “Social Determinants of Health” AND “African Continental Ancestry Group” “African Continental Ancestry Group” AND “Health Inequalities” “African Continental Ancestry Group” AND “Social Inequity” “Systematic review” AND “African Continental Ancestry Group” |
Ref. Num. | Country, Year of Publication | Title of Document | Type of Publication | Authors | Type of Evidence |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
[11] | USA, 2008 | Social Determinants of Black–White Disparities in Breast Cancer Mortality: A Review | Scholarly article | Gerend, M.A.; Manacy, P. | Quantitative |
[12] | USA, 2010 | Increased Black–White disparities in mortality after the introduction of lifesaving innovations: a possible consequence of US federal laws | Scholarly article | Levine, R.S.; Rust, G.S.; Pisu M.; et al. | Quantitative |
[13] | Mexico, 2010 | La inequidad por clase, etnia y género expresada en el desmedro | Scholarly article | González, R.; García, J.J.; Tinoco, A. | Qualitative |
[14] | Chile, 2005 | Pueblos indígenas y afrodescendientes de América Latina y el Caribe: información sociodemográfica para políticas y programas | Document | Fabiana-Del Popolo, M.A. | Qualitative |
[15] | Chile, 2009 | Afrodescendientes en América Latina y el Caribe: Del reconocimiento estadístico a la realización de derechos | Scholarly article | Anton, J.; Bello, A.; Fabiana-Del Popolo, M.A.; Paixao, M. | Qualitative |
[16] | Brazil, 2016 | A panorama of health inequalities in Brazil | Document | Landmann-Szwarcwald, C.; Macinko, J. | Quantitative |
[17] | USA, 2008 | Resilience to urban poverty: Theoretical and empirical considerations for population health | Scholarly article | Sanders, A.E.; Lim, S.; Sohn, W. | Quantitative |
[18] | Colombia, 2015 | Desigualdades sociales, ¿Inequidades espaciales? Análisis de la segregación sociorracial en Bogotá (2005–2011) | Scholarly article | Villamizar-Santamaría, S. | Quantitative |
[19] | Mexico, 2007 | De las “tres razas” al mestizaje: diversidad de las representaciones colectivas acerca de lo “negro” en México (Veracruz y Costa Chica) | Scholarly article | Hoffmann, O. | Qualitative |
[20] | Colombia, 2013 | Rescatar la medicina tradicional en la salud materno infantil de comunidades afrocaucanas a través de diálogo intercultural | Scholarly article | Portela Guarín, H.; Astaiza, N.; Guerrero, N.; Rodríguez, S. | Qualitative |
[21] | Mexico, 2017 | Construcción del sujeto de derecho afrodescendiente en México. Reflexiones desde el Pacífico Sur mexicano | Scholarly article | Lara Millán, G | Qualitative |
[22] | Colombia, 2008 | Desigualdad socioracial frente a la movilidad laboral en Cali | Scholarly article | Olivier Barbary; Alexander Estacio Moreno | Qualitative |
[23] | Chile, 2015 | Racismo y matrices de “inclusión” de la migración haitiana en Chile: elementos conceptuales y contextuales | Scholarly article | Rojas, N.; Amode, N.; Vásquez, J. | Qualitative |
[24] | Canada, 2013 | HIV risk perception and distribution of HIV risk among African, Caribbean and other black people in a Canadian city | Scholarly article | Baidoobonso, S.; Bauer, G.R.; Speechley, K.N. | Quantitative |
[25] | USA, 2009 | Addressing Social Determinants of Health to improve access to Early Breast Cancer Detection: Results of the Boston REACH 2010 Breast and Cervical Cancer Coalition Women’s Health Demonstration Project | Scholarly article | Clark, C.R.B.; Nashira Kunicki, M.C. | Quantitative |
[26] | USA, 2010 | Validation of the group-based medical mistrust scale among urban black men | Scholarly article | Shelton, R.C.; Winkel, G.; Davis, S.N.; et al. | Quantitative |
[27] | Hawaii, 2010 | Mortality patterns of native Hawaiians across their lifespan: 1990–2000 | Scholarly article | Panapasa, S.V.; Mau, M.K.; Williams, D.R.; et al. | Quantitative |
[28] | USA, 2011 | HIV prevalence rates among men who have sex with men in the southern united states: population-based estimates by race/ethnicity | Scholarly article | Lieb, S.; Prejean, J.; Thompson, D.R.; et al. | Quantitative |
[29] | USA, 2011 | Place, Not race: Disparities Dissipate in Southwest Baltimore When Blacks and Whites Live Under Similar Conditions | Scholarly article | Laveist, T.; Pollak, K.; Thorpe, R. | Quantitative |
[30] | USA, 2011 | Despite Improved Quality of Care in The Veterans Affairs Health System, Racial Disparity Persists for Important Clinical Outcomes | Scholarly article | Trivedi, A.N.; Grebla, R.C.; Wright, S.M. | Quantitative |
[31] | USA, 2011 | Temporal trends in the black/white breast cancer case ratio for estrogen receptor status: disparities are historically contingent, not innate | Scholarly article | Krieger, N.; Jarvis T.; Waterman P.D. | Quantitative |
[32] | USA, 2012 | Race differences in the physical and psychological impact of hypertension labeling | Scholarly article | Spruill, T.M.; Gerber, L.M.; Schwartz, J.E.; et al. | Quantitative |
[33] | USA, 2012 | Racial disparities in hematopoietic cell transplantation in the United States | Scholarly article | Majhail, N.S.; Nayyar, S.; Santibanez, M.E.B. | Quantitative |
[34] | USA, 2013 | Black women’s awareness of breast cancer disparity and perceptions of the causes of disparity | Scholarly article | Karen Kaiser, K.A.; Gina Curry, K. | Quantitative |
[35] | USA, 2013 | The effect of race, ethnicity, and mood/anxiety disorders on the chronic physical health conditions of men from a national sample | Scholarly article | Johnson-Lawrence, V.; Griffith, D.M.; Watkins, D.C. | Quantitative |
[36] | Brazil, 2013 | The role of potential mediators in racial inequalities in tooth loss: the Pró-Saúde study | Scholarly article | Celeste, R.K.; Goncalves, L.G.; Faerstein, E.; et al. | Quantitative |
[37] | Brazil, 2014 | Comparing adult users of public and private dental services in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil | Scholarly article | Pinto, R.D.; de Abreu, M.H.N.G.; Vargas, A.M.D. | Quantitative |
[38] | English-speaking Caribbean, 2015 | Disparities in cardiovascular disease among Caribbean populations: a systematic literature review | Scholarly article | Francis, D.K.; Bennett, N.R.; Ferguson, T.S. | Quantitative |
[39] | USA, 2015 | HIV infection among people who inject drugs in the United States: geographically explained variance across racial and ethnic groups | Scholarly article | Linton, S.L.; Cooper, H.L.F.; Kelley, M.E. | Quantitative |
[40] | Canada, 2016 | The mental health status of ethnocultural minorities in Ontario and their mental health care | Scholarly article | Grace SL. Tan; RA Cribbie | Quantitative |
[41] | Latin America, 2010 | Análisis de Determinantes Sociales de la desnutrición en Latinoamérica | Scholarly article | Jiménez-Benítez; A. Rodríguez-Martín, R. | Qualitative |
[42] | Mexico, 2011 | Los determinantes sociales, las desigualdades en salud y las políticas, como temas de investigación | Scholarly article | Santos Padrón, H. | Qualitative |
[43] | Brazil, 2012 | Recorte étnico-racial | Scholarly article | Garcia de Pinto da Cunha, E.E. | Qualitative |
[44] | Brazil, 2012 | A equidade racial nas políticas de saúde | Scholarly article | Deivison Mendes, F. | Qualitative |
[45] | Brazil, 2013 | Iniquidades raciais e saúde: o ciclo da política de saúde da população negra | Scholarly article | LBatista, L.E.; Batista Monteiro, R. | Qualitative |
[46] | Colombia, 2015 | Inequidad en la utilización de servicios de salud reproductiva en Colombia en mujeres indígenas y afrodescendientes | Scholarly article | Noreña-Herrera, C.; Leyva-Flores, R.; Palacio-Mejía, L.S.; Duarte-Gómez, M.B. | Qualitative |
[47] | Brazil, 2016 | Educational inequalities in hypertension: complex patterns in intersections with gender and race in Brazil | Document | Fernandes, R.; Santos Alves, E.F. | Qualitative |
[48] | Colombia, 2009 | Derecho a la salud grupos étnicos en Bogotá | Scholarly article | González-Acosta, A. | Qualitative |
[49] | Latin America, 2010 | Mortalidad infantil en la niñez indígena y afrodescendiente de América Latina: inequidades estructurales, patrones diversos y evidencia de derechos no cumplidos | Document | ECLAC, UNFPA (United Nations Populations Fund), PAHO. | Qualitative |
[50] | Colombia, 2015 | Ambigüedades en dos décadas de paradigma multiculturalista. Algunos elementos de la historia inmediata de los Afrocolombianos. | Scholarly article | Valencia Angulo, L.E. | Qualitative |
[51] | Mexico, 2006 | Afrodescendientes en México: Reconocimiento y propuestas antidiscriminación | Document | CONAPRED (Consejo Nacional para prevenir la discriminación) | Qualitative |
[52] | Nicaragua, 2007 | Desigualdades sociodemográficas en Nicaragua: tendencias, relevancia y políticas pertinentes (Acuerdo de Cooperación CEPAL, Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe,-UNFPA Oficina de Nicaragua) | Document | Delgadillo, M. | Qualitative |
[53] | USA, 2007 | Evolución del concepto etnia/raza y su impacto en la formulación de políticas para la equidad (OPS/OMS) | Self-learning material | Torres-Parodi, C., Bolis, M. | Qualitative |
[54] | Colombia, 2008 | Discriminación étnico-racial, desplazamiento y género en los procesos identitarios de la población “negra” en sectores populares de Bogotá | Scholarly article | Meertens, D., Viveros, M., Arango L.G. | Qualitative |
[55] | Chile, 2008 | Visibilidad estadística de la población afrodescendiente de América Latina: aspectos conceptuales y metodológicos | Document | Antón, J.; Del Popolo, F. | Qualitative |
[56] | USA, 2009 | Etnicidad y Salud | Self-learning material | Torres, C.; Burbano, E. | Qualitative |
[57] | Chile, 2010 | La variable etnia/raza en los estudios de estratificación social | Document | Sepúlveda Sánchez, D. | Qualitative |
[58] | Cuba, 2010 | Población Cubana ante factores de riesgos para la salud | Document | Alfonso León, A.C. | Qualitative |
[59] | USA, 2011 | La situación de las personas afrodescendientes en las américas | Document | OAS (Organization of American States) | Qualitative |
[60] | Brazil, 2011 | Saúde e comunidades quilombolas: Uma revisão da literatura | Document | Antunes Freitas, D.; Diaz Caballero, A.; et al. | Qualitative |
[61] | Peru, 2011 | El uso de categorías étnico/raciales en censos y encuestas en el Perú: balance y aportes para una discusión | Document | Valdivia Vargas, N. | Qualitative |
[62] | Colombia, 2012 | Equidad en la Diferencia: Políticas para la Movilidad Social de Grupos de Identidad Misión de Movilidad Social y Equidad | Document | Cárdenas, J.C.; Ñopo, H.; Castañeda, J.L. | Qualitative |
[63] | Brazil, 2012 | O recorte étnico-racial nos sistemas de informações em saúde do Brasil | Scholarly article | Soares Filho, A.M. | Qualitative |
[64] | Brazil, 2012 | O movimento negro na construção da política nacional de saúde integral da população negra e sua relação com o estado brasileiro. In: Saúde da População Negra | Scholarly article | Assis Brasil, S.; Alves Bomfi, L. | Qualitative |
[65] | Colombia, 2013 | Situación alimentaria y nutricional en Colombia desde la perspectiva de los determinantes sociales de la salud | Scholarly article | Álvarez Castaño, L.S.; Pérez Isaza, E.J. | Qualitative |
[66] | Colombia, 2014 | Plan especial de salvaguarda de los saberes asociados a la partería afro del pacífico | Document | Quiñones Sánchez, L.; López, G.; Valencia, T.; Cuero Valencia, S. Gómez Lozano, B. | Qualitative |
[67] | Colombia, 2015 | Observatorio para la medición de Desigualdades y Análisis de Equidad en Salud | Document | Colombian Ministry of Health and Social Protection. | Quantitative |
[68] | Colombia, 2015 | Estudios afrocolombianos en la antropología: tres décadas después | Scholarly article | Restrepo, E. | Qualitative |
[69] | USA, 2015 | State of Black America | Document | National Urban League (NUL). | Quantitative |
[70] | Colombia, 2015 | La interculturalidad: ¿principio o fin de la utopía? | Scholarly article | Castillo Guzmán, E.; Guido Guevara, S.P. | Qualitative |
[71] | Mexico, 2015 | Derechos colectivos y reconocimiento constitucional de las poblaciones afromexicanas | Document | Velázquez, M.E.; Iturralde Nieto, G.; Ramírez Caloca, S. | Qualitative |
[72] | Mexico, 2017 | Análisis espacial de la desigualdad social | Document | Argüelles Enríquez, E.; Uriel Lomelí, C. | Quantitative |
Ref. Num. | Author | Country | Study Design | Study Contribution |
---|---|---|---|---|
[11] | Gerend, M.A. et al., 2008 | USA | Literature review | Ethnic inequalities in cancer. |
[20] | Portela Guarín, H. et al., 2013 | Colombia | Desk review | The diálogo de saberes technique as a mechanism to understand inequality. |
[38] | Francis, D.K. et al., 2015 | English-speaking Caribbean | Systematic review | Cardiovascular disease stratified by ethnicity. |
[42] | Santos Padrón, H. 2011 | Mexico | Literature review | Ethnicity/race as a conditioning factor of health inequalities. |
[43] | Garcia de Pinto da Cunha, E. 2012 | Brazil | State-of-the-art review | Use of ethnicity/race variables in health to improve visibility and data quality. |
[61] | Antunes Freitas, D. 2011 | Brazil | State-of-the-art review | Black rural communities. |
Ref. Num. | Author | Country | Study Design | Level of Evidence | Study Contribution |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
[13] | González-Guzmán, R. et al., 2010 | Mexico | Retrospective cohort study. | Robust | Triple inequality: “Class, ethnicity, and gender”. |
[14] | Del Popolo, F. (Ed.) 2005 | Chile | Descriptive studies (compilation). | Moderate | Statistical information on people of African descent and use of the ethnicity variable in censuses. |
[15] | Anton, J. et al., 2009 | Chile | Descriptive studies (compilation). | Robust | Statistical visibility of people of African descent. |
[16] | Landmann-Szwarcwald, C. et al., 2016 | Brazil | Special issue of the International Journal for Equity in Health about inequities in Brazil. | Robust | Nationwide health surveys as a source of data for inequality research. |
[17] | Sanders, A.E. et al., 2008 | USA | Longitudinal social-epidemiological study. | Robust | Resilient environments as a protective factor. |
[20] | Villamizar-Santamaría, S.F. 2015 | Colombia | Estimation of dissimilarity indices and location coefficients for spatial analysis of racial segregation. | Robust | Ethnic/racial inequalities as expressed by spatial segregation rates. |
[24] | Baidoobonso, S. et al., 2013 | Canada | Mixed-methods study. | Robust | Ethnic inequalities and high-risk behaviors in HIV. |
[25] | Clark, C. et al., 2009 | USA | Prospective cohort study. | Robust | Quality of health care provided to African-American women with cancer. |
[29] | Laveist, T. et al., 2011 | USA | Comparative study of black and white persons exposed to equal living conditions. | Robust | Ethnic inequalities in health under similar socioeconomic conditions. |
[30] | Trivedi, A.N. et al., 2011 | USA | Evaluation of organizational changes in health services. | Robust | Ethnic inequalities and non-communicable diseases. |
[33] | Majhail, N.S. et al., 2012 | USA | Review of the association between access to hematopoietic cell transplantation and ethnicity. | Robust | Ethnic inequalities in timely access to hematopoietic cell transplantation. |
[35] | Johnson-Lawrence, V. et al., 2013 | USA | Covariance study of mood, chronic conditions, and ethnicity. | Robust | Ethnic inequalities, anxiety disorders, and chronic disease. |
[36] | Celeste, R.K. et al., 2013 | Brazil | Longitudinal cross-sectional study on ethnic inequalities. | Robust | Ethnic inequalities and social determinants of oral health. |
[39] | Linton, S.L. et al., 2015 | USA | Variance and georeferencing study. | Robust | Ethnic disparities in HIV and injectable drug use. |
[40] | Grace, S.L. et al., 2016 | Canada | Cross-sectional analytical study on the relationship between access to mental health services and ethnicity. | Robust | Ethnic-cultural differences, psychosocial distress, and access to mental health services. |
[67] | Colombian Ministry of Health and Social Protection. 2015 | Colombia | Methodological guideline for measurement of inequalities. | Robust | Methodologies for measurement of ethnic inequalities. |
[72] | Argüelles Enríquez, E. et al., 2017 | Mexico | Estimation of marginalization rates and spatial correlations thereof. | Robust | Marginalization rates, spatial correlation, and people of African descent. |
Box: Number and Percentage of Quantitative Studies Identified. | ||
---|---|---|
Type of Evidence | n | % |
Studies on inequalities as they pertain to risk factors and negative health and/or nutrition outcomes between different ethnic groups. | 19 | 30.64 |
Nationwide health surveys, studies, or tools designed to collect data with a view to addressing ethnic inequalities in social determinants and/or health systems and services. | 9 | 14.52 |
Quantitative evidence on georeferencing, spatial autocorrelation, marginalization indices, dissimilarity indices, location coefficients, and measures of segregation. | 2 | 3.22 |
TOTAL | 30 | 48.38 |
Box: Number and percentage of qualitative studies identified | ||
---|---|---|
Type of Evidence | n | % |
Historical evidence of the contrast between advances in political-legal recognition and structural and institutional discrimination, racial inequalities in health, and racism as a socio-historical phenomenon. | 10 | 16.14 |
Evidence of racial inequalities in the health status of the population as a public health issue. | 8 | 12.90 |
Evidence on the concepts used in censuses, surveys, and studies to define management of ethnic/racial variables. | 7 | 11.29 |
Evidence on the ways in which ethnic and ethnic-territorial representations and stereotypes with effects on social behaviors, such as racism and sexist racism, are generated and reproduced. | 3 | 4.84 |
Qualitative evidence on elements which define people as being of African descent, such as physical characteristics, identity, social and territorial sense of belonging, cultural traditions, historicity, organizational processes, and religious myths. | 2 | 3.22 |
Evidence on traditional medicine and midwifery among people of African descent. | 2 | 3.22 |
TOTAL | 33 | 51.61 |
Ref. Num. | Author | Country | Study Design | Quality of Evidence | Study Contribution |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
[19] | Hoffmann, O. 2007 | Mexico | Qualitative study on racial identities at the local level. | Moderate | Ethnic-racial identities and the concept of “place and effect”. |
[21] | Lara Millán, G. 2017 | Mexico | Characterization of the Afro-Mexican population on the basis of territorial, identity-related, and cultural variables. | Moderate | Social and community strategies against discrimination. |
[22] | Barbary, O. et al., 2008 | Colombia | Survey on career paths and ethnicity. | Robust | Social and labor-related ethnic inequalities as they pertain to labor mobility. |
[23] | Rojas Pedemonte, N. et al., 2015. | Chile | Qualitative ethnographic study. | Limited | Migration of Afro-Haitians. |
[34] | Kaiser, K. et al., 2013 | USA | Survey and focus groups with Black women. | Robust | Inequalities in cancer mortality among Black women. |
[41] | Jiménez-Benítez, A. et al., 2010. | Latin America | Analysis of the social and ethnic dimensions of malnutrition. | Limited | Participatory public policies and ethnicity in nutritional health. |
[44] | Faustino DM. 2012 | Brazil | Analysis of the implementation of public policies for people of African descent. | Robust | Evaluation of public policies pertaining to health and ethnicity. |
[45] | Batista, L.E. et al., 2013. | Brazil | Analysis of the implementation of public policies for people of African descent. | Moderate | Implementation of health-related public policies and the Black population. |
[46] | Flores Dávila, J.I. 2006 | Mexico | Qualitative mixed-methods study. | Robust | Afro-descendant territories and communities. |
[48] | González-Acosta, A. 2009 | Colombia | Analysis of public policies in ethnicity and health. | Robust | Public policies, human rights, and ethnic groups. |
[53] | Torres-Parodi, C. et al., 2007 | USA | Periodization of international instruments. | Limited | International instruments against racism, discrimination and inequality. |
[56] | Torres-Parodi, C. et al., 2009 | USA | Analysis of ideologies and social representations about racism. | Limited | African-Americans as historical and collective subjects. |
[58] | Alfonso León, A.C. 2010 | Cuba | Qualitative study on risk factors and skin color. | Moderate | Risk factors in health and cultural behaviors. |
[59] | OAS, 2011 | USA | Questionnaire sent to Member States and civil society organizations. | Moderate | Social, economic, and cultural rights of people of African descent. |
[62] | Cárdenas, J.C. 2012 | Colombia | Census review to identify the statistical visibility of the Afro-Colombian population. | Robust | Statistical invisibility in health and African descent. |
[63] | Martins Soares Filho, A. 2012 | Brazil | Risk and protective factors for chronic non-communicable diseases. | Moderate | Availability of racial data and ethnic/racial inequalities. |
[64] | Assis BrasilAlves Bomfi, L. 2012 | Brazil | Desk review. | Moderate | Public health policies for the Black population. |
[66] | Quiñones Sánchez, L. et al., 2014 | Colombia | Interviews with focus groups and traditional midwives. | Limited | Traditional medicine and midwifery in Afro-descendant communities. |
Ref. Num. | Autor | Country | Study Design | Study Contribution |
---|---|---|---|---|
[11] | Gerend, M.A. et al., 2008. | USA | Literature review. | Need to address cultural barriers and people of African descent. |
[12] | Levine, R.S. et al., 2010. | USA | Descriptive study. | People of African descent accessing to innovative therapies for HIV treatment. |
[16] | Landmann-Szwarcwald, C. et al., 2016. | Brasil | Evaluation of Health policies and programs. | Equity in Access to health services. |
[25] | Clark, C. et al., 2009. | USA | Prospective cohort. | Access to continuous care for timely follow-up of Afro women diagnosed with breast cancer. |
[30] | Trivedi, A.N. et al., 2011 | USA | Evaluative study of health services. | Effects of the transformation of health services for war veterans among people of African descent and the rest. |
[33] | Majhail, N.S. et al., 2012 | USA | Literature review | Access to hematopoietic cell transplantation by people of African descent. |
[34] | Kaiser, K. et al., 2013. | USA | Qualitative study on perceptions. | Access to cancer prevention and control services by women of African descent. |
[37] | Pinto, R.D. et al., 2014 | BRA | Cross-sectional. | Type of oral health services used by people of African descent. |
[38] | Francis, D.K. et al., 2015. | English Caribbean | Systematic literature review. | Ethnic disparities in the use of health services and hospital admission. |
[40] | Grace, S.L.; et. Al. 2016. | Canada | Service evaluation study. | Ethnic disparities in the use of mental health services. |
[42] | Santos Padrón, H. 2011 | Mexico | Documentary review. | Ethnic disparities in health services. |
[46] | Noreña-Herrera, C. et al., 2015. | Colombia | Regression study. | Use of reproductive health services in indigenous and afro-descendant women. |
© 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
del Pino, S.; Sánchez-Montoya, S.B.; Guzmán, J.M.; Mújica, O.J.; Gómez-Salgado, J.; Ruiz-Frutos, C. Health Inequalities amongst People of African Descent in the Americas, 2005–2017: A Systematic Review of the Literature. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 3302. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16183302
del Pino S, Sánchez-Montoya SB, Guzmán JM, Mújica OJ, Gómez-Salgado J, Ruiz-Frutos C. Health Inequalities amongst People of African Descent in the Americas, 2005–2017: A Systematic Review of the Literature. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(18):3302. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16183302
Chicago/Turabian Styledel Pino, Sandra, Sol Beatriz Sánchez-Montoya, José Milton Guzmán, Oscar J. Mújica, Juan Gómez-Salgado, and Carlos Ruiz-Frutos. 2019. "Health Inequalities amongst People of African Descent in the Americas, 2005–2017: A Systematic Review of the Literature" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 18: 3302. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16183302