Translating Urban Walkability Initiatives for Older Adults in Rural and Under-Resourced Communities
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
3.1. Microscale and Pop-Up Infrastructure
3.2. Municipal Parks
3.3. Community Gardens
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Author | Year Published | Built Environment Intervention | Purpose | Study Design | Results |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
King et al. [15] | 2017 | Community Gardens | Explored whether the compactness of the neighborhood in which a participant lived moderated the effects of the physical activity | Randomized Controlled Trial | Participants that were encouraged to increase PA and were living in less compact neighborhoods, were more likely to maintain or increase their participation in gardening or yard work |
Sanchez et al. [16] | 2017 | Community Gardens | Evaluated the perceived health-related benefits of community gardens for older rural citizens and how might community gardens be improved for the rural community. | Prospective cohort | Findings indicate that there is a range of health-related benefits associated with participation in rural community gardens, including physical, nutritional, social and psychological |
Raske et al. [17] | 2009 | Community Gardens | Evaluated the impact of the construction and use of an enabling garden on resident quality of life in a rural nursing home | Cross Sectional | Findings suggest the garden had positive effects on resident quality of life, particularly in terms of meaningful daily activities, enjoyment of daily life, resident relationships, and functional competency |
Weltin et al. [18] | 2012 | Community Gardens | The purpose was to monitor HbA1c levels in the Marshallese population who participated in a community garden. | Randomized Controlled Trial | Persons who participated in a community garden had significant reduction in their HbA1c postintervention, compared to persons who did not participate actively. |
Ottman et al. [19] | 2010 | Community Gardens | Evaluate quality of life outcomes of individuals participating in a community garden. | Cross sectional | Gardeners stated gardening keeps them closer to the family,” “neighborhood beautification,” and “family health,”. The gardeners’ perception about how the Community Gardens have improved quality-of-life |
Todd et al. [20] | 2016 | Parks | To derive empirically defined and measured built environment (BE) features and individual outcomes using pooled data from a sample of older adults residing in 2 U.S. metropolitan regions. | Cross sectional | The most common profile was labeled "low walkable, low transit access, low recreation access” and Sedentary time significantly differed profiles. |
Parra et al. [21] | 2010 | Parks | To assess park use in Recife, Brazil, and differences in physical activity and occupation rates in public parks with and without cost-free, supervised PA classes. | Cross sectional | Sedentary level were lower in ACP sites compared to non-ACP and more people were likely to be engaged in vigorous PA in ACP sites compared to non-ACP. |
Ribeiro et al. [22] | 2013 | Parks | Examine the relationship between socio-environmental characteristics of neighborhood of residence and the frequency of leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) among older adults from Porto (Portugal). | Cross sectional | A majority of the participants reported no LTPA and neighborhood characteristics were unrelated to whether older people exercised or not. |
Cerin et al. [23] | 2013 | Parks | To identify the aspects of the neighborhood environment associated with LTPA of Chinese elders residing in an ultra-dense city. | Cross sectional | Recreational walking was positively related to the availability of parks and other environmental attributes. |
Carlson et al. [24] | 2012 | Parks | To evaluate ecological model predictions of cross-level interactions among psychosocial and environmental correlates of physical activity in community-dwelling older adults. | Cross sectional | Across all interactions, living in a supportive environment was related to more min/wk of PA. |
Salvo et al. [25] | 2017 | Parks | To document patterns of park use and levels and correlates of park-based PA at a temporary pop-up park implemented in Los Altos, CA | Cross sectional | Most park users were adults, including of older adults and park users were more engaged in moderate to vigorous PA. |
Perchoux et al. [26] | 2015 | Parks | To understand how built environment characteristics influence recreational walking is of the utmost importance to develop population-level strategies to increase levels of PA in a sustainable manner. | Cross sectional | Overall, a high density of destinations, the presence of a lake or waterway, and a high neighborhood education were associated with higher odds of recreational walking |
Siu et al. [27] | 2012 | Parks | The association btw built environments and walking among older women by developing refined built environment measures i order to identify distinct urban forms. | Cross sectional | Older women residing in city center were more likely to walk than those living in city periphery, suburb communities, and urban fringe with poor commercial access. |
Barnett et al. [28] | 2017 | Parks | The aim of this study was to systematically review and quantify findings on built environmental correlates of older adults’ PA and investigate differences by type of PA and environmental attribute measurement. | Systematic review and meta-analysis | Positive environmental correlates of PA, ranked by strength of evidence, were: walkability, safety from crime, overall access to destinations and services, recreational facilities, parks/ public open space and shops/commercial destinations, greenery and aesthetically pleasing scenery, walk-friendly infrastructure, and access to public transport |
Chaix et al. [29] | 2014 | Parks | Examined whether numerous street network-based neighborhood characteristics related to the sociodemographic, physical, service, social-interactional, and symbolic environments were associated with overall recreational walking and recreational walking in one’s residential neighborhood | Cross sectional | A higher neighborhood education, a higher density of destinations, green and open spaces of quality, and the absence of exposure to air traffic were associated with higher odds of recreational walking and/or a higher recreational walking time in one’s residential neighborhood. |
Kaczynski et al. [30] | 2014 | Parks | The purpose of this study was to examine associations between park proximity and park facilities and adults’ park use and park-based PA, while also exploring differences by gender, age, race, and income | Cross sectional | Distance to the closest park was not significantly related to either park use or park-based PA. However, numerous significant associations were found for the relationship of number of parks and amount of park space within 1 mile with both outcomes. |
Sallis et al. [31] | 2016 | Parks | Examined how objectively measured attributes of the urban environment are related to objectively measured physical activity, in an international sample of adults | Cross sectional | The number of parks was significantly and positively associated with physical activity. |
Sugiyama et al. [32] | 2010 | Parks | Examined associations of attractiveness, size, and proximity of multiple neighborhood open spaces with recreational walking. | Cross Sectional | Shorter distance to attractive open spaces was associated with doing any recreational walking, but adults with larger attractive open spaces within 1.6 km of their home were more likely to walk 150 minutes or more in a week. |
Ottoni et al. [33] | 2016 | Microscale and Pop-up | Examined how one microscale feature (benches) influence older adults experiences of mobility and well-being. | Qualitative | Benches positively contributed to older adult’s mobility experiences by (1) enhancing their use and enjoyment of green and blue spaces (water: lakes, rivers, oceans, and ponds). (2) serving as a mobility aid (3) contributing to social cohesion and social capital. |
Van Cauwenberg [34] | 2012 | Microscale and Pop-up | To examine the relationship between residential areas (urban, semi-urban, and rural) and walking and cycling for transportation and recreation in Flemish older adults. | Cross Sectional | Urban older adults were more likely to walk for daily transportation compared to semi-urban and rural older adults. Semi-urban older adults were more likely to bike for daily for daily transportation compared to urban and rural older adults. Accessibility and feelings of safety were essential to promote active commuting. |
Cerin et al. [35] | 2017 | Microscale and Pop-up | To study the correlation between active traveling in older adults and neighborhood physical environments. | Systematic review & meta analysis | Littering/vandalism/decay was negatively related to total walking for transport. Positive associations were observed with food outlets, business/institutional/industrial destinations, availability of street lights, easy access to building entrance and human and motorized traffic volume. |
Forjou et al. [36] | 2017 | Microscale and Pop-up | This study examined the association between selected sociodemographic, health, and built environmental factors and walking behaviors of middle-aged and older overweight/obese adults | Cross sectional | Walking the recommended ≥150 min per week for any purpose was significantly associated with having at least a college degree, having no difficulty walking a quarter of a mile, and being unemployed as well as perceived presence of sidewalks/protected walkways and perceived absence of distracted drivers in the neighborhood. |
Mäki-Opas et al. [37] | 2016 | Microscale and Pop-up | This study examines whether the proximity of green space and people’s residence in different travel-related urban zones contributes to commuting physical activity | Cross sectional | Higher levels of commuting physical activity were associated with pedestrians who lived in a main centre or sub-centre. Women who lived near to a public transportation were twice as likely to be physically active while commuting compared to men. |
Cain et al. [38] | 2014 | Microscale and Pop-up | To examine the associations between microscale infrastructure and multiple physical activity across four different age groups (children, adolescents, adults, older adults). | Cross sectional | Among all age groups, Microscale Audit of Pedestrian Streetscapes (MAPS) scores were significantly associated with walking/biking for transport, leisure/neighborhood PA, and objectively-measured PA. |
Jack et al. [39] | 2014 | Microscale and Pop-up | To examine if built environment moderates the association between self-reported measures of the neighborhood built environment and walking. | Cross Sectional | LW neighborhoods, respondents in HW neighborhoods positively perceived access to services, street connectivity, pedestrian infrastructure, and utilitarian and recreation destination mix, but negatively perceived motor vehicle traffic and crime related safety. |
Troped et al. [40] | 2016 | Microscale and Pop-up | To examine the associations between neighborhood built environment with leisure, utilitarian walking, and meditation by the perceived environment among older women. | Cross Sectional | Perceived land use mix and aesthetics significantly predicted leisure and utilitarian walking, |
Li et al. [41] | 2018 | Microscale and Pop-up | To determine the influence of street greenery and walkability on body mass index in Cleveland, Ohio, USA. | Cross sectional | Walk Score has a more significant association with decreased BMI for males than females and the street greenery has a more significant association with decreased BMI for females than males in Cleveland, Ohio. |
Li et al. [42] | 2018 | General Walking Behavior | Examined the perceived neighborhood characteristics and environmental barriers in association with two different types of walking - recreational and destination - in the context of a rural town | Cross sectional | Perceived aesthetics were significantly associated with more frequent recreational and destination walking. Higher perceived accessibility were associated with more frequent destination walking. |
Whitfield et al. [43] | 2019 | General Walking Behavior | To identify the significant associations between supports and destinations with walking among a nationally-representative sample of urban- and rural-dwelling adults | Cross sectional | Among all participants, roads, sidewalks, paths, or trails and relaxing destinations were associated with leisure walking. Among urban residents, sidewalks on most streets and all four destination types were associated with transportation walking; among rural residents, roads, sidewalks, paths, or trails; movies, libraries, or churches; and relaxing destinations were associated with transportation walking. |
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Klann, A.; Vu, L.; Ewing, M.; Fenton, M.; Pojednic, R. Translating Urban Walkability Initiatives for Older Adults in Rural and Under-Resourced Communities. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 3041. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16173041
Klann A, Vu L, Ewing M, Fenton M, Pojednic R. Translating Urban Walkability Initiatives for Older Adults in Rural and Under-Resourced Communities. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(17):3041. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16173041
Chicago/Turabian StyleKlann, Alexandra, Linh Vu, Mollie Ewing, Mark Fenton, and Rachele Pojednic. 2019. "Translating Urban Walkability Initiatives for Older Adults in Rural and Under-Resourced Communities" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 17: 3041. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16173041