Air Pollution and Suicide in Mexico City: A Time Series Analysis, 2000–2016
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design, Units of Observation and Population
2.2. Data Collection and Processing
2.2.1. Suicides
2.2.2. Air Quality and Weather Data
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
4.1. Limitations
4.2. Future Directions
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Mean | SD | P25 | Median | P75 | Min | Max |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NO2 (ppb) | 27.75 | 8.53 | 21.35 | 26.70 | 32.80 | 9.08 | 72.19 |
SO2 (ppb) | 8.39 | 7.34 | 3.25 | 6.00 | 11.14 | 0.63 | 66.90 |
O3 (ppb) | 81.39 | 28.04 | 62.10 | 81.00 | 99.00 | 17.00 | 198.00 |
PM10 (µg/m3) | 50.47 | 20.43 | 34.31 | 47.66 | 64.23 | 9.35 | 163.96 |
PM2.5 (µg/m3) | 25.06 | 10.63 | 17.44 | 23.95 | 31.06 | 4.38 | 144.08 |
Temperature (°C) | 16.35 | 2.40 | 14.96 | 16.54 | 17.80 | 6.22 | 23.72 |
Relative humidity (%) | 54.53 | 14.63 | 43.77 | 55.81 | 65.91 | 10.79 | 97.19 |
Pollutants | Men | Women | All | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
IRR | CI 95% | p | IRR | CI 95% | p | IRR | CI 95% | p | |
NO2 (ppb) | 0.96 | 0.94–0.98 | 0.001 | 0.99 | 0.95–1.04 | 0.936 | 0.97 | 0.95–0.99 | 0.003 |
SO2 (ppb) | 0.99 | 0.99–1.00 | 0.766 | 0.99 | 0.98–1.00 | 0.532 | 0.99 | 0.99–1.00 | 0.586 |
O3 (ppb) | 0.99 | 0.97–1.01 | 0.498 | 0.99 | 0.97–1.03 | 0.924 | 0.99 | 0.98–1.00 | 0.513 |
PM10 (µg/m3) | 1.01 | 0.98–1.02 | 0.553 | 1.01 | 0.98–1.05 | 0.505 | 1.01 | 0.99–1.02 | 0.406 |
PM2.5(µg/m3) | 0.99 | 0.98–1.01 | 0.047 | 1.00 | 0.97–1.03 | 0.796 | 0.99 | 0.98–1.01 | 0.952 |
Pollutants | 10–29 Years | 30–49 Years | 50–64 Years | >64 Years | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
IRR | CI 95% | p | IRR | CI 95% | p | IRR | CI 95% | p | IRR | CI 95% | p | |
Men | ||||||||||||
NO2 (ppb) | 0.97 | 0.94–1.01 | 0.220 | 0.93 | 0.90–0.97 | 0.001 | 0.96 | 0.90–1.035 | 0.325 | 0.99 | 0.91–1.08 | 0.936 |
SO2 (ppb) | 0.99 | 0.99–1.00 | 0.884 | 1.00 | 0.99–1.00 | 0.907 | 1.00 | 0.98–1.01 | 0.842 | 0.99 | 0.97–1.00 | 0.272 |
O3 (ppb) | 1.01 | 0.98–1.03 | 0.388 | 0.97 | 0.95–1.01 | 0.106 | 0.95 | 0.95–1.00 | 0.082 | 1.03 | 0.97–1.09 | 0.344 |
PM10 (µg/m3) | 1.02 | 0.99–1.05 | 0.107 | 0.98 | 0.94–1.01 | 0.251 | 0.99 | 0.94–1.06 | 0.982 | 1.02 | 0.95–1.09 | 0.560 |
PM2.5 (µg/m3) | 1.01 | 0.98–1.03 | 0.613 | 0.98 | 0.95–1.01 | 0.261 | 0.99 | 0.94–1.04 | 0.746 | 1.02 | 0.96–1.07 | 0.485 |
Women | ||||||||||||
NO2 (ppb) | 1.023 | 0.96–1.08 | 0.428 | 0.99 | 0.91–1.07 | 0.827 | 0.93 | 0.81–1.07 | 0.358 | 0.85 | 0.68–1.07 | 0.183 |
SO2 (ppb) | 1.00 | 0.98–1.01 | 0.868 | 0.99 | 0.97–1.01 | 0.411 | 0.99 | 0.97–1.02 | 0.848 | 0.97 | 0.93–1.02 | 0.344 |
O3 (ppb) | 1.00 | 0.95–1.04 | 0.965 | 0.97 | 0.91–1.03 | 0.289 | 1.09 | 0.99–1.21 | 0.072 | 0.95 | 0.91–1.12 | 0.587 |
PM10 (µg/m3) | 1.02 | 0.97–1.07 | 0.317 | 1.01 | 0.94–1.08 | 0.794 | 0.99 | 0.87–1.12 | 0.891 | 0.90 | 0.75–1.09 | 0.294 |
PM2.5 (µg/m3) | 1.02 | 0.98–1.06 | 0.227 | 0.98 | 0.93–1.04 | 0.519 | 0.95 | 0.86–1.05 | 0.333 | 0.97 | 0.82–1.15 | 0.768 |
Pollutant | Men | Women | All | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lag | IRR | 95% CI | p | IRR | 95% CI | p | IRR | 95% CI | p | |
NO2 | L1 | 0.98 | 0.95–1.00 | 0.103 | 1.03 | 0.98–1.09 | 0.284 | 0.99 | 0.96–1.01 | 0.341 |
L2 | 1.03 | 1.00–1.06 | 0.066 | 1.00 | 0.94–1.06 | 0.972 | 1.02 | 1.00–1.05 | 0.106 | |
L3 | 0.99 | 0.96–1.02 | 0.444 | 1.00 | 0.94–1.06 | 0.982 | 0.99 | 0.96–1.02 | 0.493 | |
L4 | 1.02 | 0.99–1.05 | 0.150 | 0.97 | 0.92–1.03 | 0.351 | 1.01 | 0.99–1.04 | 0.397 | |
L5 | 1.00 | 0.98–1.04 | 0.750 | 0.98 | 0.93–1.04 | 0.512 | 1.00 | 0.97–1.03 | 0.986 | |
L6 | 0.99 | 0.96–1.02 | 0.623 | 1.04 | 0.98–1.10 | 0.176 | 1.00 | 0.98–1.03 | 0.852 | |
L7 | 0.98 | 0.96–1.01 | 0.123 | 0.96 | 0.92–1.01 | 0.129 | 0.98 | 0.96–1.00 | 0.039 | |
SO2 | L1 | 1.00 | 0.99–1.00 | 0.169 | 1.00 | 1.00–1.01 | 0.332 | 1.00 | 0.99–1.00 | 0.431 |
L2 | 1.00 | 0.99–1.00 | 0.826 | 0.99 | 0.99–1.00 | 0.221 | 1.00 | 0.99–1.00 | 0.447 | |
L3 | 0.99 | 0.99–1.00 | 0.030 | 0.99 | 0.98–1.00 | 0.199 | 0.99 | 0.99–1.00 | 0.012 | |
L4 | 1.00 | 0.99–1.00 | 0.172 | 0.99 | 0.98–1.00 | 0.048 | 1.00 | 0.99–1.00 | 0.035 | |
L5 | 1.00 | 0.99–1.00 | 0.703 | 1.00 | 0.99–1.01 | 0.959 | 1.00 | 1.00–1.00 | 0.749 | |
L6 | 1.00 | 0.99–1.00 | 0.168 | 1.00 | 0.99–1.01 | 0.603 | 1.00 | 0.99–1.00 | 0.142 | |
L7 | 1.00 | 0.99–1.00 | 0.037 | 0.99 | 0.98–1.00 | 0.016 | 0.99 | 0.99–1.00 | 0.003 | |
O3 | L1 | 0.99 | 0.98–1.01 | 0.514 | 0.99 | 0.96–1.03 | 0.619 | 0.99 | 0.98–1.01 | 0.422 |
L2 | 0.98 | 0.97–1.00 | 0.070 | 1.01 | 0.98–1.05 | 0.458 | 0.99 | 0.97–1.01 | 0.204 | |
L3 | 0.99 | 0.97–1.00 | 0.101 | 0.98 | 0.94–1.01 | 0.156 | 0.98 | 0.97–1.00 | 0.035 | |
L4 | 1.00 | 0.98–1.02 | 0.787 | 0.97 | 0.94–1.00 | 0.067 | 1.00 | 0.98–1.01 | 0.549 | |
L5 | 0.99 | 0.97–1.01 | 0.181 | 0.97 | 0.94–1.01 | 0.117 | 0.98 | 0.97–1.00 | 0.056 | |
L6 | 0.98 | 0.96–1.00 | 0.014 | 1.00 | 0.96–1.03 | 0.794 | 0.98 | 0.97–1.00 | 0.020 | |
L7 | 0.99 | 0.97–1.00 | 0.179 | 0.97 | 0.94–1.00 | 0.026 | 0.98 | 0.97–1.00 | 0.027 | |
PM10 | L1 | 0.99 | 0.97–1.01 | 0.164 | 1.03 | 0.99–1.07 | 0.109 | 1.00 | 0.98–1.01 | 0.618 |
L2 | 1.01 | 0.99–1.04 | 0.200 | 1.01 | 0.97–1.06 | 0.513 | 1.01 | 1.00–1.03 | 0.151 | |
L3 | 1.00 | 0.98–1.02 | 0.956 | 1.00 | 0.96–1.04 | 0.978 | 1.00 | 0.98–1.02 | 0.971 | |
L4 | 1.01 | 0.99–1.03 | 0.440 | 0.96 | 0.92–1.00 | 0.046 | 1.00 | 0.98–1.02 | 0.815 | |
L5 | 1.01 | 0.99–1.03 | 0.329 | 0.99 | 0.95–1.03 | 0.515 | 1.01 | 0.99–1.02 | 0.572 | |
L6 | 1.00 | 0.98–1.02 | 0.818 | 1.03 | 0.99–1.07 | 0.124 | 1.00 | 0.99–1.02 | 0.616 | |
L7 | 0.98 | 0.96–1.00 | 0.022 | 0.96 | 0.92–0.99 | 0.018 | 0.97 | 0.96–0.99 | 0.002 | |
PM2.5 | L1 | 0.98 | 0.96–1.00 | 0.036 | 1.02 | 0.98–1.05 | 0.375 | 0.99 | 0.97–1.00 | 0.150 |
L2 | 1.01 | 0.99–1.03 | 0.424 | 1.01 | 0.97–1.04 | 0.692 | 1.01 | 0.99–1.02 | 0.383 | |
L3 | 0.99 | 0.98–1.01 | 0.490 | 0.98 | 0.95–1.01 | 0.227 | 0.99 | 0.97–1.01 | 0.241 | |
L4 | 1.00 | 0.98–1.02 | 0.984 | 0.98 | 0.95–1.02 | 0.369 | 1.00 | 0.98–1.01 | 0.679 | |
L5 | 1.00 | 0.99–1.02 | 0.768 | 0.97 | 0.94–1.01 | 0.098 | 1.00 | 0.98–1.01 | 0.599 | |
L6 | 0.98 | 0.97–1.00 | 0.080 | 1.02 | 0.99–1.06 | 0.165 | 0.99 | 0.98–1.01 | 0.361 | |
L7 | 1.00 | 0.99–1.02 | 0.775 | 0.98 | 0.95–1.01 | 0.180 | 1.00 | 0.98–1.01 | 0.707 |
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Astudillo-García, C.I.; Rodríguez-Villamizar, L.A.; Cortez-Lugo, M.; Cruz-De la Cruz, J.C.; Fernández-Niño, J.A. Air Pollution and Suicide in Mexico City: A Time Series Analysis, 2000–2016. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 2971. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16162971
Astudillo-García CI, Rodríguez-Villamizar LA, Cortez-Lugo M, Cruz-De la Cruz JC, Fernández-Niño JA. Air Pollution and Suicide in Mexico City: A Time Series Analysis, 2000–2016. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(16):2971. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16162971
Chicago/Turabian StyleAstudillo-García, Claudia Iveth, Laura Andrea Rodríguez-Villamizar, Marlene Cortez-Lugo, Julio César Cruz-De la Cruz, and Julián Alfredo Fernández-Niño. 2019. "Air Pollution and Suicide in Mexico City: A Time Series Analysis, 2000–2016" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 16: 2971. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16162971