“Everyone Has the Right to Drink Beer”: A Stakeholder Analysis of Challenges to Youth Alcohol Harm-Reduction Policies in Lebanon
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Context
2.2. Stakeholder Selection
2.3. Interview Process
2.4. Interview Guide
2.5. Analysis
2.6. Ethical Considerations
3. Results
3.1. Inadequacy of Current Alcohol Control Policies
“[People have] all the freedom to buy alcohol from small shops whenever you want, both night and day, and to drink alcohol wherever you want, and whichever age you want”.(NGO2)
“I can send my 11-year-old daughter to the supermarket to buy a bottle of whisky, and they would give it to her.”.(NGO1)
“Difficulty [in] controlling alcohol sale in small convenience stores where any person can enter to buy alcoholic products at a very cheap price as low as Lebanese Pounds/Liras 1000 (USD 0.66) which is very affordable to underage youth and promotes pre-drinking/pre-loading among youth. The problem is that the managers of the convenience stores would argue that they are licensed to sell alcohol [licensed by Ministry of finance and regulated by the Ministry of Economy and Trade] and nothing can stop them”.(GO3)
“Advertising is a con… and I call it false advertising. Today the advertising company responsible for alcohol advertisements holds a large account and focuses on teenagers who are 16 and 17 years old because they are a long-term investment. They convey motorcycles, pretty girls, nice cars.”.(NGO3)
“The existing decree for regulating advertising of such harmful products [3] is not effective”.(GO5)
3.2. Weak Governance and Disregard for Rule of Law as Main Determinants of the Status Quo
“We always go back to the same issue, we [the country] have gotten used to this chaos [in reference to weak rule of law and corruption]”.(GO2a)
“A system that imposes penalties [on those who break the law], as it is not acceptable for a Minister who is supposed to implement a law to ban smoking in public places, to announce a hiatus allowing smoking on New Year’s Eve”.(GO7)
“You need someone to complain, but if you are neglecting violations, and then citizens don’t complain, nobody complains”.(GO7)
“The judges should not be flexible with the laws in support of the person drinking alcohol. Those are judges that aren’t aware, that don’t have anyone to guide them so that if a drunk driver was brought to them, they shouldn’t be flexible in his favor.”.(NGO2)
“We sometimes issue laws, but we are lax in implementing them. What is the reason behind this laxness? I think it is because there is no transparency, lack of accountability. In my view, if we don’t have regulations that are firm and aren’t serious in enforcement, all our efforts are gone to waste”.(GO2a)
“Even the regular policeman that stands in the road all day, cannot do his job properly. [When someone is stopped for a violation] and this person (who is stopped) calls a person in the higher echelons of government and hands the phone to the policeman [and policeman is told to dismiss the violation], this policeman is then humiliated. So, this policeman sees the people violating the law, ignores it and says to himself, why do I need to be humiliated”.(GO2a)
“The law [in reference to the transportation law that dictates penalties for drunk drivers] is present. However, the problem is the lack of resources to activate a proper mechanism of enforcement.”.(NGO1)
“lack of enforcement of the law [in reference to the experience of the tobacco control law] in restaurants is a result of the lobby of restaurant owners [a front for the tobacco industry] propagating the argument that enforcement will put them out of business, affect the workforce, that it is an economic burden.”.(GO2a)
“When the issue of tax increases was raised in the Parliament, a large group [i.e., traders and importers of alcoholic beverages] objected to this increase in taxation claiming that it adversely affects the Lebanese tourism industry.”.(GO4)
“Why don’t you include alcohol companies [in the discussion], because in the end, they also have strategies.”.(NGO1)
3.3. Diverting of Responsibility towards ‘Other’ Stakeholders
“Each ministry tells you I’m not responsible. There has to be complete coordination and complete cooperation and exchange of information and support [for the policy to be effective]”.(GO1)
“In the Socio-familial situation there is no control [in relation to underage alcohol drinking]”.(GO3)
“The lack of an educational curriculum in schools that raises awareness among students about the negative effects of excessive alcohol consumption, smoking and other substance use and the lack of an educational curriculum or system for teaching people about respecting regulations” was blamed for the current status quo of youth alcohol drinking.(GO4)
“It is the responsibility of nightclub owners [to prevent underage youth to come in], it is their responsibility, they also should be aware, they shouldn’t say that they aren’t responsible and to get the security forces; No in the end [they] are responsible”.(NGO1)
3.4. Views of Alcohol Industry Stakeholders
“Before we start applying it [in reference to banning advertising of alcohol products] in Lebanon, let us see studies that prove to the people that when you do this, you have positive results.”.(AI6)
“I am not with banning advertisements because you can’t tell them not to advertise on the roads. And same goes for the TVs and if they don’t see there, then they will see it on the internet. I don’t think the advertisements are the main problem.”.(AI6)
“In addition, we are against banning advertisement because if alcohol is overused then it is harmful, but if it is used wisely then it has many health benefits.”.(AI4)
“Every alcohol advertisement must include a warning on not over drinking and a warning about pregnant women.”.(A14)
“In my opinion, you as people of science, are you able to put a label on it like you put it on smoking? Like ‘be careful smoking is deadly’, you can’t put on a bottle of whisky that ‘don’t drink whisky’, that the whisky will cause diseases, you can’t put it. Too much [drinking] makes one lose balance, lose oneself, lose one’s personality, yes, but you can’t say [on alcohol bottles] what you say [on cigarette packs] about smoking.”.(AI1)
“You can’t be sure if the customers are underage especially because nobody asks them about their ID at the entrance and this is compounded by the availability of fake IDs with minors.”.(AI5)
“We need fines to be stricter. The current fines are so very minimal that you can bribe an ISF [internal security force] member to avoid the hassle of paying a penalty.”.(AI6)
“You must sell a bottle of beer at low prices because it is a local product, we are proud of it and we want to sell it to everyone, everyone has the right to drink beer”.(AI)
“Because you are affecting the night clubs in Lebanon today you are affecting the customer, instead of going to enjoy a drink, we are a touristic destination, a musical destination, it is very important in the Arab world, and the whole world. Beirut is a night life destination it is not in our interest to do this, let us organize the sector and close all these small shops that sell the alcohol.”.(AI5)
“So, we moved forward and thank God we talked to the parliament members in charge (of the proposed change in taxation regulation) and we were able to reach where we should reach. We are like someone who has a family, but the father does not care for them. We didn’t have a caretaker for this family that is in the parliament.”(AI3)
“Every time you increase taxes, you open the door for smuggling, so we can’t hide behind our finger, the borders are open everywhere, today we are hearing on TV that they’re saying if customs are high then the doors to smuggling will be open, now, they raised the prices 5 times so tomorrow people will be born to work in smuggling and this will harm us more later because this kind of corruption refreshes the illegitimate competition and harms the people that want to work with ethics, and according to regulations and by the law. So, this opening way to corruption creates illegal competition that harms the sector so if the government isn’t able to contain its borders 100%, then it is better not to raise the customs.”.(AI2)
“We are interested today that youth that drink, don’t just drink and stop, but drink and keep it up. This is why we are interested that youth drink moderately, know when to stop. We contacted NGO’s who are interested in youth and we are going to soon have an agreement and collaboration with them”.(AI3)
“Orientation should start from home first and parents have a responsibility towards knowing about their children’s outings, the places they go to, how long they are allowed to stay outside home and what they actually consume.”.(AI1)
“Some families encourage their children to drink a glass” noting the need “to start raising awareness at this point start at home.”.(AI2)
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Stakeholder | Quote Label |
---|---|
1. The Ministry of Industry | GO* 1 |
2. The Ministry of Social Affairs | GO2a |
3. The Ministry of Social Affairs | GO2b |
4. The Ministry of Tourism | GO 3 |
5. The Ministry of Youth and Sports | GO 4 |
6. The Ministry of Economy and Trade (Customer Protection Office) | GO5 |
7. The Ministry of Information | GO 6 |
8. The Ministry of Justice | GO 7 |
9. The Ministry of Finance | GO 8 |
10. The Ministry of Public Health | GO 9 |
11. Kunhadi | NGO * 1 |
12. YASA | NGO 2 |
13. JAD (Jeunesse-Anti-Drogue) | NGO 3 |
14. Mentor Arabia | NGO 4 |
15. Skoun- Lebanese Addictions Center | NGO 5 |
16. MENAHRA | NGO 6 |
17. Syndicate of Importers of Foodstuff, Consumer Products & Drinks in Lebanon | AI * 1 |
18. Syndicate of Lebanese Food Industrialists | AI 2 |
19. Syndicate of Alcohol Importers in Lebanon | AI 3 |
20. Syndicate of Alcoholic Beverages Industries in Lebanon | AI 4 |
21. Syndicate of Owners of Restaurants, Cafes, Night-Clubs and Pastries in Lebanon | AI 5 |
22. Union Vinicole du Liban: (UVL) | AI 6 |
Alcohol Industry Stakeholder Views | Supporting Quotations |
---|---|
Advertising Bans Are Not Effective | Before we start applying it [in reference to banning advertising of alcohol products] in Lebanon, let us see studies that prove to the people that when you do this, you have positive results. I am not with banning advertisements because you can’t tell them not to advertise on the roads. And same goes for the TVs and if they don’t see there, then they will see it on the internet. I don’t think the advertisements are the main problem.” (Alcohol Industry –AI -6). “The advertising sector in Lebanon is on the verge of collapse, banning wine commercials is detrimental to the economy” (AI6). |
Promoting Responsible Drinking | “In addition, we are against banning advertisement because if alcohol is overused then it is harmful, but if it is used wisely then it had many health benefits “(AI4.). “…Too much [drinking] makes one lose balance, lose oneself, lose one’s personality, yes, but you can’t say [on alcohol bottles] what you say [on cigarette packs] about smoking.” (AI1). “We are interested today that youth that drink, don’t just drink and stop, but drink and keep it up. This is why we are interested that youth drink moderately, know when to stop. We contacted NGO’s who are interested in youth and we are going to soon have an agreement and collaboration with them” (AI3). |
Self-Regulation | We “added in Arabic: ‘Don’t drink and drive’, and ‘not allowed under 18′ …we cooperated with Ministry of Economics, and Ministry of Public Health, and we reached this result”. |
Importance of Alcohol Business to the Economy | “Because you are affecting the night clubs in Lebanon today, you are affecting the customer, instead of going to enjoy a drink, we are a touristic destination, a musical destination, it is very important in the Arab world, and the whole world. Beirut is a night life destination it is not in our interest to do this, let us organize the sector and close all these small shops that sell the alcohol”. (AI5) |
Others’ Behavior is the Problem | “You can’t be sure if the customers are underage especially because nobody asks them about their ID at the entrance and this is compounded by the availability of fake IDs with minors.” (AI5). “Orientation should start from home first and parents have a responsibility towards knowing about their children’s outings, the places they go to, how long they are allowed to stay outside home and what they actually consume” (AI1). “Some families encourage their children to drink a glass” noting the need “to start raising awareness at this point … start at home.” (AI2). “We need fines to be stricter. The current fines are so very minimal that you can bribe an ISF [internal security force] member to avoid the hassle of paying a penalty.” (AI6). |
Labelling of Alcohol Products Is Not Effective | “Every alcohol advertisement must include a warning on not over drinking and a warning about pregnant women.” (A14). “In my opinion, you as people of science, are you able to put a label on it like you put it on smoking? Like ‘be careful smoking is deadly’, you can’t put on a bottle of whisky that ‘don’t drink whisky’, that the whisky will cause diseases, you can’t put it. Too much [drinking] makes people lose balance, lose himself, lose his personality, yes, but you can’t say [on alcohol bottles] what you say [on cigarette packs] about smoking” (AI1). |
Taxation of Alcohol Products Is Not Effective | The existing weak taxation structure on imported alcoholic products was seen as “posing a direct threat to local production and causing the closure of many local factories and a decrease in produced quantities” (AI4). “You must sell a bottle of beer at low prices because it is a local product, we are proud of it and we want to sell it to everyone, everyone has the right to drink beer” (AI). “when there is prohibition then there is the creation of a black market” (AI4). “Every time you increase taxes, you open the door for smuggling, so we can’t hide behind our finger, the borders are open everywhere, today we are hearing on TV that they’re saying if customs are high then the doors to smuggling will be open, now, they raised the prices 5 times so tomorrow people will be born to work in smuggling and this will harm us more later because this kind of corruption refreshes the illegitimate competition and harms the people that want to work with ethics, and according to regulations and by the law. So, this opening way to corruption creates illegal competition that harms the sector so if the government isn’t able to contain its borders 100%, then it is better not to raise the customs.” (AI2). |
Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Programs | ”5% of the profit from advertisement should be taken by the government to do good things such as research, and civic engagement. This is not an arbitrary policy, but a consensus” (A14). |
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Share and Cite
Nakkash, R.T.; Ghandour, L.A.; Yassin, N.; Anouti, S.; Chalak, A.; Chehab, S.; El-Aily, A.; Afifi, R.A. “Everyone Has the Right to Drink Beer”: A Stakeholder Analysis of Challenges to Youth Alcohol Harm-Reduction Policies in Lebanon. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 2874. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16162874
Nakkash RT, Ghandour LA, Yassin N, Anouti S, Chalak A, Chehab S, El-Aily A, Afifi RA. “Everyone Has the Right to Drink Beer”: A Stakeholder Analysis of Challenges to Youth Alcohol Harm-Reduction Policies in Lebanon. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(16):2874. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16162874
Chicago/Turabian StyleNakkash, Rima T, Lilian A Ghandour, Nasser Yassin, Sirine Anouti, Ali Chalak, Sara Chehab, Aida El-Aily, and Rima A Afifi. 2019. "“Everyone Has the Right to Drink Beer”: A Stakeholder Analysis of Challenges to Youth Alcohol Harm-Reduction Policies in Lebanon" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 16: 2874. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16162874