ATR–FTIR Spectral Analysis and Soluble Components of PM10 And PM2.5 Particulate Matter over the Urban Area of Palermo (Italy) during Normal Days and Saharan Events
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Site Details
2.2. Sampling Sites
2.3. Analytical Procedures
2.3.1. FTIR Spectra
2.3.2. Water-Soluble Ions
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Mass Levels of PM10 and PM2.5
3.2. Spectral Analysis
3.3. Spectral Analysis Of Samples Collected During Saharan Dust Episodes
3.4. Water-Soluble Ions
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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November 2008–February 2009 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
PM10 | PM2.5 | |||
BF station | GC station | DB station # | DB station # | |
N | 95 | 108 | 105 | 40 |
Mean | 16 | 39 | 42 | 29 |
Std.Dev. | 7 | 11 | 11 | 6 |
Median | 15 | 39 | 43 | 30 |
Min | 8 | 16 | 13 | 13 |
Max | 44 | 69 | 74 | 40 |
Q10 | 10 | 26 | 28 | 22 |
Q25 | 12 | 32 | 35 | 25 |
Q75 | 17 | 46 | 49 | 33 |
Q90 | 27 | 53 | 55 | 37 |
Saharan Dust Events | ||||
N | 7 | 7 | 8 | 4 |
Mean | 130 | 158 | 133 | 78 |
Dev.St | 89 | 81 | 59 | 28 |
Min | 67 | 97 | 89 | 59 |
Max | 261 | 276 | 220 | 120 |
Species | Frequency (cm–1) in This Study | Frequency (cm–1) from Literature | References |
---|---|---|---|
Non-Saharan Events | |||
SO4 2- | 603; 615; 670; 1100 | 608; 615; 670; 1100 | [30,35,36,51,52,53] |
CO3 2- | 713; 730; 877 | 713; 730; 873; 877 | [53,57,58] |
NO3- | 825; 1356 | 825; 1318–1410; 1350 | [30,58] |
NH4+ | 1414 | 1414 | [50] |
C=C | 1510–1596 | 1463–1511–1596 | [59,61] |
C-H | 1460; 2850; 2920; 2950 | 2850–2920; 2800–3000 | [30,31,34,58,59,60] |
Water (OH) | 1620; 3200–3400; 3620 | 1620; 3200–3400; 3620 | [34,53,62] |
Al-O-Si | 540 | 540 | [57,58] |
Si-O | 1030 | 1030 | [30,62] |
C = O | 1720 | 1720; 1722 | [34,58] |
Saharan Dust Events | |||
O-Si-O | 423; 463; 520 | 426; 468; 525 | [63] |
SO4 2- | 603; 615; 670; 1110 | 608; 615; 670; 1100 | [30,60] |
CO3 2- | 713; 730; 780; 877;1433 | 713; 730; 873; 877 | [58,62] |
Al-O-Si | 750 | 750 | [63,64] |
Al-Al-OH | 912 | 910 | [62,65] |
NO3- | 825; 1356 | 825; 1318–1410; 1350 | [30,32,58] |
NH4+ | 1414 | 1414 | [50] |
C = C | 1510–1596 | 1463–1511–1596 | [59,61] |
C-H | 1460; 2800–3000 | 1460; 2850–2920; 2800–3000 | [30,31,34,58,59] |
Water (OH) | 688; 1620; 1685; 3260–3400; 3620; 3669; 3695 | 688; 1620; 3200–3400; 3620, 3669; 3695 | [34,62,63,66] |
Si-O | 1010; 1032 | 1010; 1030; 1031 | [30,62,67] |
PM10 | PM2.5 | ||
---|---|---|---|
BF station | GC station | DB station | |
F- | 0.15 | 0.15 | 0.17 |
Cl- | 1.19 | 1.70 | 0.64 |
NO3- | 2.30 | 4.13 | 2.91 |
SO42- | 2.69 | 2.26 | 2.49 |
Na+ | 1.14 | 1.47 | 0.74 |
K+ | 0.23 | 0.27 | 0.23 |
Mg2+ | 0.20 | 0.24 | 0.09 |
Ca2+ | 0.78 | 1.60 | 1.33 |
NH4+ | 0.96 | 1.32 | 1.52 |
nssSO42- | 2.44 | 2.05 | 2.10 |
ΣTM | 9.64 | 13.1 | 10.1 |
TPM | 19.5 | 37.0 | 29.3 |
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Varrica, D.; Tamburo, E.; Vultaggio, M.; Di Carlo, I. ATR–FTIR Spectral Analysis and Soluble Components of PM10 And PM2.5 Particulate Matter over the Urban Area of Palermo (Italy) during Normal Days and Saharan Events. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 2507. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16142507
Varrica D, Tamburo E, Vultaggio M, Di Carlo I. ATR–FTIR Spectral Analysis and Soluble Components of PM10 And PM2.5 Particulate Matter over the Urban Area of Palermo (Italy) during Normal Days and Saharan Events. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(14):2507. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16142507
Chicago/Turabian StyleVarrica, Daniela, Elisa Tamburo, Marcello Vultaggio, and Ida Di Carlo. 2019. "ATR–FTIR Spectral Analysis and Soluble Components of PM10 And PM2.5 Particulate Matter over the Urban Area of Palermo (Italy) during Normal Days and Saharan Events" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 14: 2507. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16142507