An Assessment of Dietary Exposure to Cadmium in Residents of Guangzhou, China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Food Sampling
2.2. Analytical Procedure (Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry)
2.3. Quality Control
2.4. Estimation of Daily Food Consumption
2.5. Exposure Assessment
3. Results
3.1. Distributions of Age and Gender in the Study Population
3.2. Cadmium Concentration in Each Category of Food and Water
3.3. Dietary Cadmium Exposure
4. Discussion
4.1. Relatively High Levels of Cadmium in Some Categories of Food
4.2. Levels of Dietary Cadmium Exposure in Residents of Guangzhou
4.3. Limitations of the Study
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Food Category | N | <LOD | Cadmium Concentration (μg/kg) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean ± Standard Deviation | P50 | P95 | Range | |||
Rice | 454 | 36 | 88.0 ± 8.5 | 83.0 | 170 | 2.6–440 |
Wheat | 618 | 53 | 16.6 ± 5.9 | 13.9 | 32.0 | 6.0–117 |
Millet | 94 | 0 | 24.8 ± 4.7 | 16.7 | 55.7 | 2.4–90.7 |
Corn | 327 | 46 | 10.1 ± 9.5 | 2.7 | 31.8 | 1.1–99.6 |
Other corns (coarse cereals) | 294 | 82 | 56.3 ± 19.2 | 24.0 | 144 | 6.0–330 |
Fish | 298 | 197 | 8.7 ± 17.9 | ND | 31.0 | 6.0–275 |
Shrimp | 118 | 26 | 14.7 ± 39.2 | 3.3 | 19.6 | 7.0–378 |
Shellfish (bivalves and only meat; visceral organs removed) | 97 | 7 | 1665 ± 1105 | 876 | 4300 | 29.0–7830 |
Crab (only white claw meat) | 11 | 0 | 815 ± 740 | 282 | 1640 | 16.0–5550 |
Livestock meat | 289 | 56 | 5.3 ± 7.1 | 3.7 | 35.0 | 2.4–90.0 |
Liver | 122 | 3 | 39.1 ± 18.3 | 31.0 | 71.6 | 5.0–239 |
Kidney | 28 | 3 | 384 ± 399 | 167.5 | 509 | 8.0–4340 |
Poultry | 26 | 21 | 0.6 ± 0.5 | ND | 1.1 | 1.0–1.3 |
Egg | 85 | 77 | 0.9 ± 2.2 | ND | 3.0 | 1.0–4.0 |
Milk | 20 | 20 | 0.5 ± 0.0 | ND | ND | ND |
Fruit juice | 62 | 22 | 2.7 ± 3.9 | 2.0 | 5.4 | 1.0–12.0 |
Soybean | 110 | 12 | 18.1 ± 11.3 | 16.0 | 40.0 | 1.0–80.0 |
Vegetable | 450 | 37 | 18.7 ± 38.1 | 11.0 | 50.0 | 1.6–334 |
Fruit | 40 | 9 | 4.2 ± 3.2 | 4.0 | 7.1 | 2.0–26.0 |
Mushroom | 48 | 20 | 10.8 ± 8.6 | 5.0 | 27.0 | 2.0–42.0 |
Laver | 210 | 0 | 1871 ± 1990 | 2119.1 | 3746 | 3.0–4960 |
Water | 238 | 238 | 0.5 a ± 0.0 | ND | ND | ND |
Mean | 4039 | 965 | 159 ± 113 | 8.6 | 392 | 1.0–7830 |
Food Category | Food List | Mean Exposure * | P95 Exposure ** | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean Dietary Consumption Reference Person (g/Day) | Cd Exposure (μg/Day) | Contribution (%) | P95 Dietary Consumption Reference Person (g/day) | Cd Exposure (μg/Day) | Contribution (%) | ||
Crops | Rice | 152 | 13.4 | 46.4 | 375 | 33.0 | 40.3 |
Wheat | 46 | 0.8 | 2.8 | 150 | 2.5 | 3.1 | |
Millet | 8.9 | 0.2 | 0.7 | 67 | 1.7 | 2.1 | |
Corn | 6.6 | 0.07 | 0.2 | 38 | 0.4 | 0.5 | |
Others | 0.5 | 0.03 | 0.1 | 1.7 | 0.09 | 0.1 | |
Aquatic food | Fish | 43 | 0.2 | 0.7 | 126 | 0.5 | 0.6 |
Shrimp | 5.2 | 0.08 | 0.3 | 34 | 0.5 | 0.6 | |
Shellfish | 1.2 | 2.0 | 6.9 | 1.7 | 2.8 | 3.4 | |
Crab | 1.0 | 0.8 | 2.8 | 3.5 | 2.9 | 3.5 | |
Meat | Livestock meat | 121 | 0.7 | 2.4 | 324 | 1.9 | 2.3 |
Liver | 0.2 | 0.01 | 0.0 | 5.6 | 0.2 | 0.2 | |
Kidney | 0.2 | 0.06 | 0.2 | 6.7 | 2.6 | 3.2 | |
Poultry | Poultry | 110 | 0.08 | 0.3 | 161 | 0.1 | 0.1 |
Egg | Egg | 31 | 0.03 | 0.1 | 85 | 0.08 | 0.1 |
Milk | Milk | 53 | 0.01 | 0.0 | 233 | 0.06 | 0.1 |
Drink | Fruit juice | 0.9 | 0.01 | 0.0 | 17 | 0.05 | 0.1 |
Bean | Soybean | 12 | 0.2 | 0.7 | 65 | 1.2 | 1.5 |
Vegetable | Vegetables | 235 | 3.8 | 13.2 | 666 | 10.3 | 12.6 |
Fruit | Fruits | 45 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 265 | 0.5 | 0.6 |
Fungi and algae | Mushroom | 8.7 | 0.09 | 0.3 | 44 | 0.5 | 0.6 |
Laver | 3.0 | 5.6 | 19.4 | 10. | 18.7 | 22.8 | |
Water | Water | 1.2 (L) | 0.6 | 2.1 | 2.6 (L) | 1.3 | 1.6 |
Daily total intake (μg/day) | 28.9 | 81.9 | |||||
Total intake per month (μg/kg·BW/month) | 14.4 | 41.0 | |||||
Contribution to PTMI (%) | 57.6 | 163 |
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Zhang, W.; Liu, Y.; Liu, Y.; Liang, B.; Zhou, H.; Li, Y.; Zhang, Y.; Huang, J.; Yu, C.; Chen, K. An Assessment of Dietary Exposure to Cadmium in Residents of Guangzhou, China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15, 556. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15030556
Zhang W, Liu Y, Liu Y, Liang B, Zhou H, Li Y, Zhang Y, Huang J, Yu C, Chen K. An Assessment of Dietary Exposure to Cadmium in Residents of Guangzhou, China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2018; 15(3):556. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15030556
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Weiwei, Yungang Liu, Yufei Liu, Boheng Liang, Hongwei Zhou, Yingyue Li, Yuhua Zhang, Jie Huang, Chao Yu, and Kuncai Chen. 2018. "An Assessment of Dietary Exposure to Cadmium in Residents of Guangzhou, China" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 3: 556. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15030556